Term
How much of the body's water is contained in the intracellular fluid?
extracellular fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is considered part of the ECF: |
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Definition
*interstitial fluid
intravascular fluid (plasma)
third space fluid (w/in body cavities) |
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Term
| What type of equlibrium are ICF & ECF in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is considered intravascular vs. extravascular fluid? |
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Definition
intravascular = plasma
extravascular = rest of total body water |
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Term
| Where does fluid exchange occur b/w intravascular & extravascular compartments? |
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Definition
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Term
| What has free movement b/w IVF & EVF at the capillary beds? |
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Definition
water
electrolytes
small molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of number of dissolved particles in a solution |
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Term
| Does osmolality of electrolytes & small molecules affect water flow across the capillary wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| What equation defines the determinants of transcapillary fluid dynamics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Starline equation variables? |
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Definition
hydrostatic pressure
oncotic pressure gradient
capillary permeability |
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Term
Function
hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
| normally drives fluid out of the vasculature into the interstitium at the arterial end of the capillary bed |
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Term
| What determines the oncotic (colloid osmotic) pressure gradient? |
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Definition
1) concentration of large molecular wt. particles, mainly protein (esp. albumin)
2) capillary permeability |
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Term
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Definition
| normally favors fluid reabsorption into the vasculature at the venous end of the capillary bed |
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Term
| How do lymphatics participate fluid balance? |
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Definition
| when filtration out of the microcirculation at the arterial end of the capillary bed exceeds reabsorption at the venous end, the lymphatics drain the excess fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| increased fluid within the interstitium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| edema fluid within the thoracic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| edema within the peritoneal cavity (looks pregnant) |
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Term
| What are the 3 types if edema? |
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Definition
trandudative
exudative
due to lymphatic obstruction |
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Term
| What characterizes transudative edema? |
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Definition
1) low protein
2) low specific gravity
3) few cells |
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Term
| What causes tranudative edema? |
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Definition
NORMAL vascular permeability & either:
1)increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure
2) decreased plasma oncotic pressure |
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Term
| What can cause increased intravacular hydrostatic pressure? |
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Definition
1) venous obstruction
2) heart failure |
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Term
What does left ventricular failure lead to?
right ventricular failure? |
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Definition
LVF: pulmonary edema
RVF: generalized systemic edema |
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Term
| What can cause decreased plasma oncotic pressure? |
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Definition
1) decreased synthesis of protein (albumin)
2) increased loss of protein (albumin) |
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Term
| What complication is seen in transudative edema? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes the Na+ & H2O retention in transudative edema? |
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Definition
| decreased renal perfustion => activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system => increased reabsorption of Na+ & H2O |
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Term
| What characterizes exudative edema? |
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Definition
1) high protein
2) high specific gravity
3) many cells |
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Term
| What causes exudative edema? |
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Definition
| INCREASED vascular permeability |
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Term
| What can cause an lymphatic obstruction => edema? |
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Definition
1) infection - filariasis
2) malignancy ± Tx |
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Term
| What can severe subcutaneous soft tissue edema lead to? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is subcutaneous soft tissue edema seen in the periorbital area? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does subcutameous soft tissue edema interfere with? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the lungs look grossly when they have edema? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the lungs does fluid accumulation in edema? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does edema in the lungs look microscopically? |
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Definition
| pale pink, proteinaceous fluid ± inflammatory cells |
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Term
| Why is lung edema important clinically? |
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Definition
1) impairs ventillation
2) predisposes to infection |
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Term
| What does the brain look like grossly when it has edema? |
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Definition
| heavy & swollen with flattening of the gyri & compression of the sulci |
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Term
| Why is brain edema important clinically? |
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Definition
1) herniation
2) vascular compression |
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Term
| *How does the lab determine b/w transudative & exudative edema? |
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Definition
| specific gravity of the fluid, protein, LD, & cholesterol content (compared to levels in serum) |
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Term
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Definition
PASSIVE increased intravascular blood due to impaired venous outflow
(blue-red) |
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Term
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Definition
ACTIVE increased blood due to expanded arterial inflow
(red) |
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Term
How does congestion in the lungs look when it's acute?
chronic? |
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Definition
acute: heavy & wet, blue/red
chronicL heavy & dry, rusty brown |
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Term
| Hows does acute congestion in the lungs look microscopically? |
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Definition
1) pulmonary capillaries distended with RBCs
2) ± transudative edema, microhemorrhages |
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Term
| Hows does chronic congestion in the lungs look microscopically? |
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Definition
| alveolar spetal fibrosis with intra-alveolar, hemosiderin-laden macrophages (heart failure cells) |
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Term
| What does liver congestion look like grossly? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a congestion liver look like microscopically - acute & chronic? |
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Definition
1) centrilobular sinusoids expanded with blood (acute)
2) hepatocytes
a) centrilobular necrosis or atrophy (chronic)
b) periportal normal or fatty
3) centrilobular fibrosis & hemosiderin-laden macrophages (chronic) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small punctate hemorrhages within skin, mucosa or serosa |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased or abnormal platelets & increased intravascular pressure focally |
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Term
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Definition
| slightly larger hemorrhages frequently due to vascular pathology |
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Term
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Definition
| bruises - hemorrhages in subcutaneous tissue |
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Term
| What are the 4 hemorrages into body cavities? |
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Definition
1) hemothorax
2) hemopericardium
3) hemoperitoneum
4) hemarthrosis |
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