Term
| Hepatic Encephalopathy: Stage 1 |
|
Definition
Personality changes
Lethargy
Increased or unusual sleep patterns |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic Encephalopathy: Stage 2 |
|
Definition
Marked personality changes and lethargy
Constructional apraxia
Muscle twitching and asterixis |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic Encephalopathy: Stage 3 |
|
Definition
Noisy, abusive and violent behavior
Sedation without treatment leads to stage IV |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic Encephalopathy Stage 4 |
|
Definition
Coma
Hyperactive reflexes
Hepatic fetor
Elevated ammonia level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to write clearly or draw figures such as stars or houses *sign of stage II of Hepatic Encephalopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seeing heart beat movement in hands due to super high ammonia levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sustained elevation of pressure in the portal vein
Due to increased resistance to blood flow through the liver
Symptoms
-Spleenomegaly
-Ascites
-Esophageal varices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acute inflammation process
Main etiologic factors are biliary tract disease and alcoholism
Characterized by varying degrees of edema, hemorrhage, and necrosis of the acinar cells and blood vessels
Clinical features:
Severe abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
Shock, tachycardia, and fever
Elevated amylase levels (diagnostic)
other endocrine disruption-possible diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 types:
A: fecal-oral transmission
B: sexual fluids & blood to blood
C: blood to blood
D: travels with B
E: fecal–oral transmission
Vaccines are avail for Hep A & B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-20% will show symptoms
-20% will successfully clear the virus
-20% of infected will develop Cirrhosis
-1%-4% will develop liver cancer
Progression can take 20-30 years depending on individual's age, health, immune status, etc at the time of infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Individuals may have one or more of the following symptoms, while others experience no symptoms:
-Weight loss
-Abdominal pain
-Itchiness
-Depression
-Dark urine
-Tiredness
-Nausea
-Muscle or joint pain
-Trouble sleeping
-Loss of appetite |
|
|
Term
| Fundic/gastric gland secretions (4 types) |
|
Definition
Chief cells:
Pepsinogen ----> pepsin
Parietal cells- HCL & intrinsic factor
Mucous neck cells-protective mucus
Endocrine cells- gastrin, motilin, secretin |
|
|
Term
| Liver Structure & Vasculature |
|
Definition
-Largest gland in the body
-Involved in almost every metabolic function of the body
-Structure:
Lobules- arranged around central vein
Sinusoids-capillaries of portal vein and hepatic artery
Kupffer cells-phagocytic
Perfused by two sources:
-portal vein (2/3)
-hepatic artery (1/3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Formation and excretion of bile
-Carbohydrate metabolism
-Protein metabolism
-Fat metabolism
-Vitamin and mineral storage
-Steroid metabolism
-Detoxification
-“Flood chamber” and filter for blood |
|
|
Term
| Four general mechanisms by which hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice can occur: |
|
Definition
Excess production of bilirubin:
hemolytic disease or an increased RBC destruction is the most common cause of excess bilirubin production – called hemolytic jaundice; seen in conditions such as lymphomas, SSC, pernicious anemia; conjugation and transfer is normal but there is an increased supply of unconjugated; serum bili (direct or conjugated) is normal
Impaired hepatic uptake of unconjugated bilirubin:
drug-related; drugs interfere with unconjugated bilirubin’s ability to bind to acceptor proteins
Impaired conjugation of bilirubin:
physiologic jaundice of the newborn; immaturity of the enzyme glucuronyl transferase (needed for conjugation) untreated jaundice can cause—kerniterus can cause brain damage…most likely fatal…
Decreased excretion of conjugated bilirubin:
hyperbilirubinemia – dark urine (conjug – water soluble), stools are pale; may see increased liver enzymes; most common cause of intrahepatic cholestasis are hepatocellular diseases (hepatitis or cirrhosis) – interferes with all phases of bilirubin metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Concentrates and stores bile
-Empties bile into small intestine
-Fatty food stimulate contractions
-Choleysestitis (inflammation of Gallbladder)
-choleylithisis (common, 90% of Pt's w/ inflammation have this. a stone in the gallbladder, blocking ducts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two basic types of cells:
-Endocrine (insulin, glucagon)
-Exocrine (enzymes, alkaline fluids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Subjective awareness of an impairment of movement of material from the pharynx
Major symptom of disease of the pharynx or esophagus
May be obstructive or motor in origin
Functional dysphagia is caused by neural or muscular disorders that interfere with voluntary swallowing or peristalsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Form of dysphagia that impairs peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter functioning
Body of esophagus loses its tone and may become greatly dilated
Clinical Manifestations:
Distention and spasm of the esophageal muscles during eating or drinking may cause a mild or severe stabbing pain at the level of obstruction |
|
|
