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| the discharge of cell particles, which are packaged in membrane-bound vesicles, by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane and subsequent release of the particles to the exterior of the cell |
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| the uptake or incorporation of substances into a cell by invagination of its plasma membrane, as in the processes of phagocytosis and pinocytosis |
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| localized tissue death that occurs in groups of cell or part of a structure of an organ in response to disease or injury |
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| a wasting often accompanied by a decrease in function, of a cell, tissue or organ |
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| the enlargement or overgrowth of an organ that is due to an increase in the size of its cells rather than the number of its cells |
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| an abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells of a body part |
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| change in type of adult cells in a tissue to a form that is not normal for that tissue |
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| the alteration in size, shape and organization of adult cell types |
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| cells within the same person have a different genetic makeup |
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| any abnormal touch sensation, which can be experienced as numbness, tingling, or a "pins and needles" feeling, often in the absence of external stimuli |
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| slight or partial paralysis |
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| The unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation arising from stimuli within the body itself |
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| involuntary quivering or trembling movements caused by the alternating contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of skeletal muscles |
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| an abnormal condition characterized by an inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movement; used to describe a wide-based, unsteady gait |
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| a spasm of a portion of a muscle, an entire muscle, or a group of muscles |
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| an abnormal condition characterized by the impairment or loss of motor function due to a lesion of the neural or muscular mechanism |
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Definition
one member of a chromosome pair
defects are severe and usually cause abortion
monosomy of the X chromosome (45,X/0) is Turner Syndrome |
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Definition
| more than 2 chromosomes to a set; a germ cell containing more than 23 chromosomes is involved in conception |
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one type of polysomy; there are 3 autosomal chromosomes at one position
Trisomy 21 = Down Syndrome |
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| any chromosome other than the sex chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes; 1 pair of sex chromosomes) |
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| accidental errors in duplication of DNA; result from substitution, addition or rearrangement - many mutations occur spontaneously |
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| proteins similar to viruses they hijack host cells to replicate; do not have DNA; difficult to kill; associated with slowly progressive, noninflammatory neuronal degeneration, leading to ataxia (loss of coordination) |
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| an area of brain tissue that is damaged but not yet dead after stroke - a "halo" of minimally perfused cells that surround the central core of dead or dying cells of a stroke |
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| do cells of the penumbra survive? |
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Definition
| depends on the successful timely return of adequate circulation, the volume of toxic products released by the neighboring dying cells, the degree of cerebral edema, and alternations in local blood flow |
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| results from damage to the spinal cord (puncture, trauma, tumor); effect is motor functions lost on same side as damage - pain/temp sensation lost on other side |
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is an incomplete injury to the cervical cord resulting in more extensive motor weakness in the upper extremities than the lower extremities
arms more affected than legs |
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| usually caused by damage from infarction of the anterior spinal artery; loss of motor function, loss of pain and temp sensations; proprioception spared |
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aka autonomic hyperflexia
acute episode of exaggerated sympathetic reflex reponses that occur in persons with injuries at T6 and above, CNS control of spinal reflexes is lost
clinical emergency - prompt tx or death can occure |
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little or no muscle tone
floppy baby |
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| difficulte to measure - refers to a lack of coordination of movement - undershoot or overshoot of intended position with the hand, arm, leg, or eye. It is a type of ataxia. It is sometimes described as an inability to judge distance or scale |
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visible twitching movements of muscle fibers that can be seen as flickers under the skin (eye twitch)
spontaneous contraction of muscle fibers |
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| abnormal writhing movements; indicates abnormalities in the basal ganglia |
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| involuntary, rhythmic, muscular contractions and relaxations; associated with UMN lesions such as spinal cord injury |
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Definition
neurotransmitter for all preganglionic neurons, postganglionic parasympathetic neurons and for selected postganglionic sympathetic neurons (sweat glands and skeletal muscle)
has an excitatory effect on muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, except for those in the heart and lower esophagus where it has an inhibitory effect |
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Definition
intermediate compound in the synthesis of norepinephrine
neurotransmitter - principle inhibitory transmitter of internuncial neurons in the sympathetic ganglia
vasodilator effect on renal, visceral and coronary blood vessels
IV tx of shock |
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