Term
Right side of heart goes to:
Left side of heart goes to: |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 Layers of the Heart Wall |
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Definition
1. Pericardium: double walled membrane sac that encloses the heart (parietal, visceral, and fluid in between)
2. Myocardium (muscle)
3. Endocardium (most inside) |
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Term
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Definition
Dense, fibrous connective tissue
Anchors the atria, ventricles, and cardiac valves |
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Term
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Definition
Atrioventricular: (soft, lub)
mitral (left)
tricuspid (right)
Semilunar: (snap, dub)
pulmonary (right)
aortic (left) |
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Term
| Phases of the cardiac cycle: |
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Definition
atrial systole, contraction: ventricular diastole, ventricular filling
ventricular systole: begins with isovolumic contraction
ventricular ejection: semilunar valves open
ventricular relaxation: closure of aortic valve, isovolumic relaxation
ventricular filling: opening of mitral valve, passive ventricular filling |
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Term
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Definition
| resting, heart fills with blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| maximum amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of ventricular relaxation, normally 135 mL |
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Term
| coronary lymphatic vessels |
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Definition
| drain lymph fluid to lymph nodes in anterior mediastinum that eventually empty into superior vena cava |
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Term
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Definition
| build new blood vessels if there is a slow block of coronary vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| short, fat, branching cels, one large central nucleus, intercalated discs (desmosomes important in conductivity), many mitochondria, high capillary density, striated, gap junctions allow for communication |
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Term
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Definition
parasympathetic nerves, decrease, ACh
sympathetic, increase |
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Term
| Adrenergic receptor function |
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Definition
| mostly beta receptors, respond to both epi and NE |
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Term
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Definition
SA node 70-80
AV node 40-60
bundle of his
right and left bundle branches
purkinje fibers 15-40 (ventricles)
1% of cardiac mass |
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Term
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Definition
Phase 0: rapid sodium entry, depolarization
phase 1: early repolarization, calcium enters slowly, K out
phase 2: plateau, slow Ca and Na enter cell, K out
phase 3: K exits cell, still repolarizing
phase 4: return to resting membrane potential
(calcium channel blockers slow the HR)
(diastole is time between these APs) |
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Term
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Definition
during plateau, area already involved in action potential, normal impulse cannot re-excite
relative refractory period: requires stronger impulse to excite |
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Term
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Definition
| initial stretching of myocytes before contraction, end-diastolic pressure, increase preload = increase CO, determined by: amount of venous return to the ventricle and end-systolic volume |
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Term
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Definition
| force contraction must overcome, aortic pressure: must exceed this resistance to ejection of blood from ventricle |
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Term
| Frank-Starling law of the heart |
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Definition
| myocardial stretch determines force of moyocardial contraction, more stretch = more force of contraction, SV = EDV + ESV |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller chambers + thick walls = increased contraction force |
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Term
| Hormones, biochemicals, and cardiac performance |
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Definition
| thyroid hormones enhance sympathetic activity, promoting increased CO |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
inhibits NE (feedback mechanism)
vasodilation |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nerve control |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
detect stretch, atrial natriuretic peptide relased: decreases volume, hypothalamus stimulated: ADH released (antidiuretic hormone, don't pee), decreases volume
heart rate increases with atrial stretch |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| time from the onset of atrial activation to the onset of ventricular activation, time necessary to travel from the sinus node through the atrium, AV node, and His-Purkinje system to activate ventricular myocardial cells, really like a PQ interval |
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Term
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Definition
| sum of all ventricular depolarizations |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular myocardium depolarized, plateau phase |
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Term
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Definition
| "electrical systole" of the ventricles, varies inversely with the heart rate |
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Term
Big box:
Small box:
one second is ? boxes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| repolarization of ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| count tiny squares between R waves, divide by 1500, or count R waves in 6 second strip (30 big squares) and multiply by 10 |
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Term
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Definition
Stroke volume X Heart Rate
Normally 3.5-8L/min
Stroke volume is how much blood goes out of the ventricle with each heart beat |
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Term
| Noninvasive tests of CV function |
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Definition
sensorium of the individual
mucous membrane color
manually palpated pulse
auscultation of heart sounds
cardiography
MRI
doppler studies
stress testing (on the treadmill)
chest x-ray examination |
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Term
| invasive tests of CV function |
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Definition
X-ray films with barium
nuclear imaging with radio labeled pharmaceuticals (fluorescent, hot and cold spot imaging)
tomographic studies
AV bundle ECG
cardiac catheterization
coronary angiography |
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Term
| Structure of blood vessels (from inside to outside) |
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Definition
lumen (larger in veins)
tunica intima (endothelium)
internal elastic tissue
tunica media (smooth muscle, thicker in artery)
tunica externa (adventitia, outermost cells run lengthwise) |
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Term
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Definition
| arteries - arterioles - metarterioles - precapillary sphincter - opens and closes - capillary (endothelial cells, basement membrane, intercellular cleft) - venous capillaries - venules - veins |
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Term
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Definition
high pressure, high velocity, strong
2 types: elastic (aorta, can stretch) and muscular (all others, medium sized, control flow of blood) |
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Definition
| control flow into capillary beds, control vascular resistance, alter blood flow, constrict and dilate, small |
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Term
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Definition
exchange of: fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, and hormones
thin walls: endothelium, basement membrane
pores (fenestration)
0.5-1mm wide |
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Term
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Definition
| collect blood from capillaries, not much smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| carry blood back to heart, reservoir, low pressure, thin walls, elastic and can hold a lot of blood |
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Term
| 2 ways blood is able to move through veins in the correct direction |
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Definition
valves
muscle pumps (contract around vessels) |
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Term
| Endothelial cells produce: |
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Definition
Prostacyclin and NO that cause vasodilation
thromboxane that causes vasoconstriction and platelet adhesion
angiotensin 2 that blocks NO and prostacyclin and causes vasoconstriction
platelet factors
endothelin that is a potent vasoconstrictor and is released with injury to vessel walls |
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Term
| factors affecting blood flow |
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Definition
pressure
resistance
velocity
vascular compliance
viscosity
laminar vs. turbulent flow |
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Term
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Definition
laminar flow rate of an incompressible fluid along a pipe is proportional to the fourth power of the pipe's radius
how big around the pipe is determines how fast fluid can flow through it |
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Term
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Definition
increase in volume a vesel is able to accomodate for a given increase in pressure
veins more than arteries |
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Term
| Mean arterial pressure (MAP) |
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Definition
diastolic + 1/3 (systolic - diastolic)
try to keep constant |
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Term
| sympathetic autonomic control |
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Definition
increases resistance in arteries and arterioles
decreases volume in the veins |
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Term
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Definition
lower third of medulla and pons
Para - vagal nerve, heart, decrease HR
sympa - spinal cord, peripheral sympathetic nerves |
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Term
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Definition
stretch receptors
located in internal carotids (glossopharyngeal nerve) and aortic arch (vagal nerve)
inhibit vasoconstrictor center
stimulate parasympathetic activities
decrease HR, sympathetic outflow, and FOC
Ultimately decrease BP |
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Term
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Definition
respond to low O2 levels mostly but also to high Co2 and pH
located in medulla, carotid bodies, and some in aortic arch
transmit impulses to medulla CV center
involved with respiration
causes vasoconstriction and increased BP by blocking the vagal nerve |
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Term
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Definition
increased blood flow
relates to metabolic demand (exercise)
arteriolar dilation |
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Term
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Definition
| vasoconstriction, except in coronary arteries, the liver, and skeletal muscle (fight or flight) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| effects of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
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Definition
| vasopressin - vasoconstriction |
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Term
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Definition
released in kidneys in response to decreased blood pressure
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
ACE converts that to angiotensin II (a strong vasoconstrictor) |
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Term
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Definition
| adrenal medulla - sodium reabsorbed in blood stream from kidney tubules, water follows, increase blood volume |
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Term
| effects of atrial natriuretic peptide |
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Definition
| decreases blood volume, sodium out in urine, released when atria stretch |
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Term
| effects of adrenomedullin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
increase blood supply to vital organs in times of stress
redistribute blood during hemorrhage or shock
regulate heat loss |
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Term
| examples of vasoconstrictors |
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Definition
| epi, NE, angiotensin II, ADH (vasopressin), increase of calcium, low BP |
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Term
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Definition
| bradykinin, histamine, adrenomedullin, high BP, increase in potassium, magnesium, hydrogen, citrate, carbon dioxide, high BP |
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