Muscular Atrophy

involves the decrease in muscle size

Living cells are divided into...

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

What will happen to muscle cells as workload increases?

Cardiac myocardial cells will increase in size

Metaplasia

Reversible replacement of one mature cell type for another

Compensatory hyperplasia

adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate

Electrolytes

electrically charged molecules

Major functions of connective tissue

support and binding

Irreversible cellular injury is usually due to:

Increased intracellular calcium

Gas Gangrene

special type of gangrene caused by infection of injured tissue by Clostridium 

Rigor mortis

Muscular stiffening that occurs within 6-14 hours after death

An 86 year old female patient has the wasting syndrome of aging, making her vulnerable to falls, funcional decline, disease, and death.  What does the nurse know?

This patient is experiencing frailty

What confirms somatic death?

Complete cessation of respiration and circulation

Hypertrophy

commonly seen in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue

Inherent maximum life span of humans

80-100 years

Basic components of DNA

phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases

Nondisjuction

is when homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis

Partial trisomy

is a condition in which an extra portion of a chromosome is present in each cell

Maternal translocations

The most common cause of Down syndrome

Down syndrome is a trisomy and not due to...

Fetal exposure

A 13 year old has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present.  What will the nurse observe on the chart?

Turner syndrome

Individuals with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome have what syndrome?

Klinefelter's syndrome

A person with severe mental retardation caused by a deletion of a part of chromosome 5 has what syndrome?

Cri du chat syndrome

Cystic fibrosis is causes by what?

an autosomal recessive gene

What can contribute to variations in traits?

Both genes and environment

Where is blood plasma located?

intravascular fluid comparments

A 35 year old male weighs 70 kg.  How much is intracellular fluid?

42 L 

Osmotic forces...

determine water movement between the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid compartments.

Water balance is closely related to...

Sodium balance

What does the secrection of aldosterone result in?

increased blood volume

Natriuretic hormones disrupt the balance of...

Sodium

Dehydration leads to hypernatremia because...

an increase in sodium occurs with a net loss in water.

The most common cause of pure water deficit is...

renal water loss

Hyperkalemia causes...

an increase in resting membrane potential with an increased excitability of cardiac muscle

Acute acidosis can cause...

hyperkalemia

Primary hyperaldosteronism can cause...

hypokalemia

Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because...

carbonic acid and bicarbonate exist in a ratio of 20:1

Excessive loss of chloride causes...

one to be most prone to metabolic alkalosis

Renal failure is present when...

hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis are also present

A 54 year old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings.  Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonateion.  These finding help to confirm the diagnosis of...

respiratory acidosis

When blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2, and slightly decreased HCO3...

respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation is the most likely diagnosis

Elevated levels of natruiretic peptides involve...

the heart

Innate immunity is gained...

at birth

The pain assiciated with an injury is related to..

kinins and prostaglandins

Margination occurs when...

phagocytes begin to stick avidly to capillary walls

During inflammation, the liver in stimulated to release plasma proteins, collectively known as...

acute phase reactants

An ascorbic acid deficiency could directly affect...

healing

Antigens are responsible for initiatin...

clonal selection

When the immunoglobulins crosses the placenta, the fetus recieves....

passive immunity

The most abundant class of antibody in the serum is...

IgG

The primary role of IgA1 is...

to prevent infections in the blood

What tests are used to best determine immunity?

titer

Where are pure monoclonal antibodies produced?

Laboratories

Cytotoxic cells sould be...

isolated

To prevent rabies infection after being bitten by a rabid dog what should be administered?

immune globulin

Active immunity occurs...

after either natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization

A 20 year old male shoots his hand with a nail gun while replacing roofing shingles.  _________ would be the first to aid in killing bacteria to prevent infection in his hand.

Neutrophils

Hypersensitivity can best be defined as: 

a response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen

When the maternal immune system becomes sesitized against antigens expressed by the fetus, an...

alloimmune reaction occurs

Seasonal allergic rhinitis is expressed through...

IgE-mediated reactions

A 10 year old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard.  He begins itching and develops pain, swelling, redness, and respiratory difficulties.  He is suffering from ___________.

Anaphyaxsis

Edema is a common response to when _____ is released in the body.

Histamine

________ hypersensitivity reactions involve an antibody response. 

Type IV

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an example of ___________________.

an autoimmune disease

An example of an immune-complex-mediated disease is ____________.

Serum sickness

____________________ bacteria produce endotoxins. 

Gram negative

________ replicate their genetic material inside host cells. 

Viruses

Fungi causing deep or systemic infections are commonly _____________.

Opportunistic

Most viral vaccines contain_________.

Attenuated viruses

Most bacterial vaccines contain ____________.

Dead bacteria

Bacteria become resistant to antimicrobials by _________.

mutations

Bacteria become resistant to antimicrobials by ________.

Mutations

Infectivity allows pathogens to.....

invade and multiply in the host

A tumor that arises from or forms ductal or glandular structures is named ________________.

Adenocarcinoma

When a cancer cell loses differentiation it is called _______.

Anaplasia

In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate _______________.

new blood vessel growth

_________________ are the most common genetic lesions that cause cancer. 

Point mutations

The most common route of metastasis is through the blood vessels and ___________.

Lymphatics

The most important environmental factor for cancer is __________________.

exposure to cigarette smoke.

An organism's developement is contigent on its environment is called ____________________.

Developmental plasticity

Chromosome aberrations and mutations in cells that were not directly irradiated are reffered to as ______________.

bystander effects

Physical activity was shown to reduce _____________.

Colon cancer

_____________ is likely to develop seondary to occupational hazards.  

Mesothelioma

A person with a light complexion, light eyes, and fair hair, is at greater risk for ____________________.

basal cell carcinoma

The most common malignancy that occurs in children is ____________.

leukemia

The most common tissue type of cancer occurring after adolescence is ___________.

Carcinoma

The role of physical activity in the prevention of colon cancer is identified by _________________________________________.

increasing guy motility thereby decreasing the time the bowel is exposed to mutations. 

Radiation induces genomic instability by _______________________.

facilitating new mutations.

_________________ is controlled by somatic nerves.

Skeletal muscle

An increase in intracranial pressure can result in ___________________.

brain tissue hypoxia

After suffering a closed head injurt and all four extremities are in rigid extension, the forearm is hyperpronated, and the legs are in plantar extension.  This is considered _______________.

decerebate posturing

The region responsible for the motor aspects of speech is _________________.

Broca's area

The primary visual cortex in the brain is located in the ______________.

occipital lobe.

The __________ maintains homeostasis, body temperature, and instictive behavioral patterns.

hypothalamus

Paralysis of both legs is _________.

paraplegia

_______ pain is when the pain has laster longer than 3-6 months. 

Chronic 

A vegetative state is ______________ with the cerebellum.

not associated

Breathing that is sustained, dep, rapid, but a regular pattern of breathing is considered ____________.

central neurogenic hyperventalation. 

Brain death is defined as ______________.

cessation of brain function

When thought content and arousal level are intact but a patient cannot communicate, the patient has ____________________.

locked in syndrome

A ______ may be referred to as an explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons. 

seizure

An _____ is used to describe a peculiar sensation that immediately precedes a seizure.

aura

________ is characterized by loss of recent and remote memory.

Dementia

A ________ is the most common type of traumatic brain injury. 

concussion

Momentary confusion and retrograde amnesia after 5-10 minutes of suffering a diffuse brain injury could be categorized as a _______________.

Grade II

The main source of bleeding in extradural hematomas is ___________. 

aterial

What is the initial assessment finding associated with an acute spinal cord injury?

Loss of voluntary control below the injury.

What is a paient experiencing with symptoms of paralysis and flaccidity in muscles, absence of sensation, loss of bladder control, transient drop of blood pressure, and poor venous circulation?

Autonomic hyperflexia

The majority of invertebral disk herniations occur between the vertebral levels _______.

L4-S1

A 72 year old male demonstrates left sided weakness of upper and lower extremeties.  The symptoms lasted 4 hours and resolved with no evidence of infarction.  The patient most likely experienced a ________________.

transient ischemic attack

With a ________________, meningeal irritation occurs which then leads to nuchal rigidity.

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A 25 year old female presents to her primarary care provider reporting fever, headache, nuchal rigidity, and decreased consciousness.  She was previously treated for sinusitis.  Her liely diagnosis is __________________.

bacterial meningitis 

Most causes of encephilitis are ________.

Viral

Early symptoms of multiple sclerosis are tiredness, weakness, and visual changes.  This is caused by _____________________________________.

demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS

The most common symptom of brain abscess is _______.

headache

____________________ and __________ are classic assessment findings that support the diagnosis of ALS.

muscle weakness/atrophy

___________ is an anterior midline defect of a neural tube closure in infants.

Cyclopia

An _____________ is a herniation of brain and meninges through a defect in the occipital area of the skull in a newborn. 

encephalocele

Decreased ____________ accompanies an elevated thyroxine production. 

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Prolactin-inhibiting factor's target tissue is the ________________.

anterior pituitary

The ______________ secretes ADH and oxytocin.

posterior pituitary

ADH is important to the body's _____________________________________.

water balance and urine concentration

_________________________ primarily regualte insulin.

serum glucose levels

__________ is the most potent naturally occurring glucocorticoid.

Cortisol

_______ can cause ACTH to be released.

Stress

Inappropriate ADH secretion results in _____________.

hyponatremia

Lab tests for Grave's Disease would result in _______________________________________.

high levels of circulating thyroid-stimulation antibodies

The basal metabolic rate is usually low with ___________.

hypothyroidism

Immune destruction of the _______ is one cause of type 1 DM.

pancreas

_____________________ are the classic symptoms of type 1 DM.

Polydipsia, polyuria, poluphagia, and weight loss

_____________________ are classic symptoms of Cushing's syndrome.

Truncal obesity and moon face

The most common cause of Addison's disease is __________________________.

an autoimmune reaction

________________________ are common neurologic disturbances that occur with a pituitary adenoma.

visual disturbances

The most abundant cells in the blood are ___________.

erythrocytes

The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the ___________.

neutrophil

During an infection, the lymph nodes enlarge and become tender because _____________________.

lymphocytes are rapidly dividing

_________________ is a congenital intrinsic factor deficiency.

Pernicious anemia

The likely cause of macrocytic, normochromic anemia is ______________________.

defective DNA synthesis

Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies cause anemia because ________________________.

blood cells have a shoter life span

In addition to fatigue and weakness, _____________ would be exhibited with iron deficiency anemia.

spoon-shaped nails

True or false?

Siderblastic anemia is due to ineffective iron uptake and hemoglobin production.

TRUE

True or false?

The symptoms of PV are due to increased blood viscosity, and there will be decreased blood flow to the tissue and organs. 

TRUE

Leukocytosis can be defined as ____________.

a high leukocyte count

The most likely cause of infectious mononucleosis is the ________________.

Epstein-Barr virus

Multiple myeloma can be defined at as a ______________.

neoplasm of B cells

True or false?

Sickle cells undergo hemolysis in the spleen or become sequestered there, causing blood pooling and infarction of splenic vessels.

TRUE

A 3 year old child presents with buising on the legs and trunk and a petechial rash.  The mother also reports frequent nosebleeds.  Lab tests reveal a decreased platelet count.  _______________________ is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will see documented in the chart.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

The most common childhood cancer is ________________________________.

acute lymphlblastic leukemia (ALL)

The ________ is a membranous sac that encloses the heart.

pericardium

The _____________ is the chamber of the heart that generates the highest pressure.

left ventricle

The primary pacemaker of the heart is the _________.

sinoatrial node

The _______________ conducts action potentials down the atrioventricular septum. 

bundle of His

Depolarization of a cardiac muscle cell occurs __________________________________.

as the result of the rapid movement of ions across the cell membranes.

As stated by the ______________, there is a direct relationship between the _____________ in the heart at the end of diastole and _______________ during the nect systole. 

Frank-Starling law/volume of blood/the force of the contraction

_______________ is found by multiplying the heart rate times the stroke volume. 

Cardiac output

Atherosclerosis is caused by ___________________________________.

abnormal thickening and hardening of vessel walls

Normal blood pressure has a _____________________.

systolic pressureless than 120 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure less than 80 mm Hg

In order to prevent severe symptoms, individuals with Raynaud disease need to be _____________________.

counseled to avoid cold exposure

The patent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery in a fetus is called ________________.

ductus ateriosus

In _________________ the valve opening is constricted and narrowed becuase the valve leaflets, or cusps, fail to open completely. 

valvular stenosis

In __________________, the heart rate and SVR increase, boosting both cardiac output and tissue perfusion pressures.  Interstitial fluid moves into the vascular compartment. 

hypovolemic shock

_________________________ are symptoms specifically related to right heart failure. 

Significant edema to both lower legs and feet

For an infection to progress to septic shock, ____________________________.

bacteria must enter the bloodstream

The pleural membranes are explamples of _________.

serous membranes

The receptors in the lung that decrease ventilatory rate and volume are called _____________.

stretch receptors

The lung receives parasympatheic innervation by the _________.

vagus nerve

During inspiration, muscular contraction of the diaphragm causes air to move into the lung.  The mechanisms that drive air movement during inspiration _____________________________.

increase the size of the thorax and decrease the intrapleural pressure. 

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is mainly transported _____________________________.

in the blood in the form of bicarbonate

____________ is defined as " a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity."

Dyspnea

A 30 year old female received a severe head injury in a motor vehicle accident.  She is experiencing respiratory abnormalities characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing with periods of apnea.  This is called ____________________.

Cheyne-Stokes

Coughing up bloody secrections is called ___________.

hemoptysis

The most common cause of pulmonary edema is __________________.

left heart failure

Pus in the pleural space is called __________.

empyema

A 50 year old male with a 30 year history of smoking was diagnosed with lung cancer.  He was previously exposed to air poolution, asbestos, and radiation at his job.  What had the greatest impact on the development of his cancer?

Cigarette smoke

________________________ is most likely associated with SIDS.

Frequent respiratory infections

A newborn has respiratory distress syndrome.  The newborn may have atelectasis because of _____________________.

a lack of surfactant.

Aspiration of gastric contents into the lungs may result in ___________.

pneumonia

While planning care for a child with asthma, ____________________________.

prolonged expirations are a characteristic of asthma

The _______ of the kidneys contains the glomeruli.

cortex

Plasma proteins should be absent from the urine because the _____________________________.

negative charge of the glomerular filtration membrane repel the plasma proteins

The portion of the male urethra that is closest to the bladder is the __________.

prostatic portion

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is directly related to the ___________________________.

perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries

The descending segment of the loop of Henle primarily _________________________.

allows for water reabsorption

The hormone _______ is synthesized and secreted by the kidneys to stimulate bone marrow production of red blood cells. 

creatnine

The most common type of renal stone is __________________.

composed of calcium

A 28 year old female presents with fever, chills and flank pain.  She is diagnosed with pyelonenephritis.  The patient's infection is located in the ______________.

renal pelvis

A 42 year old male is involved in a motor vehicle accident during which he loses a lot of blood.  His acute renal failure is caused by ______________________.

inadequate renal blood flow

Lab values of _________________________ are most consistant with renal failure. 

elevated plasma creatnine levels

High levels of _________ cause Pruritus.  Pruritus is seen in patients with end stage renal disease. 

calcium

A newborn female has chronic renal failure caused by a lack of development of one of the kidneys.  This condition is called ___________________.

renal angenesis

_____________________ is most likely related to a post-strep infection. 

Glomerulonephritis

The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule together is referred to as the ____________.

renal corpuscle

Wilms tumors are found in the _________.

kidneys

The major hormonal deterinant of sexual differentiation in utero is ____________.

testosterone

The thick middle layer of the uterine wall is called the ______________.

myometrium

The duct that carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus is the __________________.

fallopian tube

The usual site of fertilization is the _____________________.

ampulla of the fallopian tubes. 

Having ejected a mature ovum, the ovarian follicl the develops into a _____________.

corpus luteum

Sex hormone production in males ______________.

is relatively constant

________________ are paired glands that lie posterior to the male urinary bladder. 

Seminal vesicles

An 18 year old female is diagnosed with dysmenorrhea.  She is most likely to experience __________________.

painful menstration

A 25 year old female presents with amenorrhea and hirsutism.  She is diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)  Lab testing will most likely reveal _____________________.

hyperinsulinemia

A 35 year old female is diagnosed with endometriosis.  ____________________ would be the most appropriate medical treatment for this disease. 

supressing ovulation

______________ is inflammation of the glans penis. 

Balanitis

A 21 year old female is infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) following unprotected sexual intercourse with a male she recently met.  She is now at ________________________________.

a higher risk of developing cervical cancer

An important risk factor for the development of benign prostic hypertrophy (BPH) is _____________.

increased age

A 35 year old female presents with infertility and gradual blindness.  She reports that she has overwise been healthy.  History reveals that she was promiscuous and had unprotected sexual intercourse several times when she was younger.  She now has neurological involement.  The sexually transmitted infection (STI) she most likely has is _________.

syphilis

Symptoms of prostatitis are similar to symptoms of a _________________.

urinary tracy infection

Digestion begins in the mouth with salivary-amylase (ptyalin) that initiates the digestion of __________.

carbohydrates

The ileum and jejunum are suspended by folds of the peritoneam known as the __________, which contains an extensive vascular and nervous network.

mesentary

Absorption of nutrients from the intestine occurs initially through the ________. 

villi

Parasympathetic stimulation to the pancreas will cause an __________________.

enzyme secretion

____________________ is the most common disorder associated with upper GI bleeding. 

Esophageal varices

A 50 year old male is experiencing reflux of chyme from the stomach.  He is diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux.  This condition is caused by _____________________________________.

the loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter

A 54 year old male is diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease.  This condition is most likely caused by _______________________________.

breaks in the mucosa and presence of corrosive secretions.

A 50 year old male complains of frequently reoccuring abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools.  A possible diagnosis would be ____________.

ulcerative colitis

_______________ would help a health care provider distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. 

Malabsorption

_______________ is thought to contribute to the development of obesity.

Leptin resistance 

A 13 year old female binge eats and induces vomiting to prevent weight gain.  This disease is referred to as ____________________.

bulimia nervosa

An increase in the rate of red blood cell breakdown causes _________________________.

hemolytic jaundice

Examination of a newborn female reveals that the esophagus ends in a blind pouch.  This condition is referred to as _________________.

esophageal astresia

Meconium ilues is associated with ____________.

cystic fibrosis

Prolonged diarrhea is more serious in children than adults because ___________________.

the fluid reserves are lower

Symptoms of _________________ are clay-colored stool, jaundice, and failure to gain weight.  Testing will also reveal the absence of intrahepatic bile ducts. 

biliary atresia

______________ is a componant of the bone matrix and also gives bone its tensile strength.

Collagen

The elbow joint is an example of a __________________.

diarthrosis joint

The contractile unit of a muscle cell is called the ________.

myofibril

_________________ directly control the contraction of muscles. 

calcium ions

______________ is the main energy source or fuel for skeletal muscle contraction. 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A fracture that occurs straight across the bone is a ___________________.

transverse fracture

__________ is a disorder similar to osteomalacia that occurs in growing bones of children. 

Rickets

Degeneration joint disease is characterized by _____________________________.

the loss of articular cartilage

The expected treatment of choice for people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is ________________.

Methotrexate

___________________________ are all symptoms of fibromyslgia, a chronic musculoskeletal disorder. 

Diffuse pain, fatigue, and tender points

Myotonia is charaterized by ______________________.

prolonged depolarization of muscle cell membranes

A tumor of spongy bone is ________________.

chondrosarcoma

A positive Ortolani click in indicative of ________________.

hip dysplasia

A metastasizing malignant bone tumor is an __________________________.

osteosarcoma

The treatment option for seropositive juvenile rheumatoid is termed ___________.

supportive