Term
| Deficiency vs. Abnormal Proliferation of leukocytes |
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Definition
deficiency: neutropenia
proliferation: infectious (mono) and neoplastic (cancers: leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma) |
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Term
| neutropenia (all 5 levels) |
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Definition
clinical: <1500/mcL
(mild: <1000/mcL)
moderate: 500-1000/mcL
severe: <500/mcL
Agranulocytosis: negligible amt |
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Term
| causes of neutropenia (6) |
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Definition
congenital (rare)
Acquired:(H-RAID)
-Hematologic malignancy (suppresses normal development)
-radiation (bone marrow, kills progenitors)
-autoimmune (secondary)
-infection (depletes supply)
-drugs (kill cells) |
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Term
| clinical manifestations of neutropenia |
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Definition
malaise, chills fever
weakness/fatigue
ulcers
high-risk for infection |
|
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Term
|
Definition
prophylactic antibiotics to prevent opportune infection
Hematopoietic growth factors (promote neutrophil development) |
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Term
|
Definition
L: malignancy of lymph and marrow cells
T: Hodgkin: Reed-Sternberg cells present, initiates in one lymph node, then propagates to those surrounding
Non-Hodgkin begins in maldeveloped B or T cell, metastasizes to several nodes at once |
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|
Term
| which type of lymphoma may have a viral link? |
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Definition
| Hodgkin: could be eppstein-barr, HTLV, or HIV |
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Term
| Two mechanisms by which lymphoma may cause lymphadenopathy |
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Definition
1. having the disease over-works the lymph nodes
2. tumors |
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Term
| Treatment options for lymphoma |
|
Definition
Lymphoma is a SCReaM:
Stem cell/bone marrow transplant
Chemotherapy (progressive)
Radiation (early)
Monoclonal antibody (direct attack) |
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Term
|
Definition
over-production of immature leukocytes
much in marrow, varying in circulation
interferes with development of all blood cells |
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Term
|
Definition
acute vs. chronic: time of onset, and disease progression rate
lymphocytic or myelocytic: leukocytes only or all blood cell types |
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Term
| clinical manifestations of leukemia |
|
Definition
due to insufficient production of...
...WBC: fever/sweats, recurrent infections
...RBC: weight loss, anemia (pallor, fatigue, dyspnea)
...Platelets: thrombocytopenia (petechiae, bleeding, hematuria)
or more simply: infection, anemia, and bleeding respectively |
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Term
|
Definition
| replacement (BM/SCT, blood transfusion), maturation (growth factors), or chemo/radiation |
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Term
|
Definition
| massive cytolysis of malignant cells (thanks to chemo)--> deadly ion imbalance |
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|
Term
Finish my sentences:
lymphomas primarily originate...
leukemias primarily originate...
60-100% of circulating blood cells in leukemia pts are...
antibiotics might be prescribed alongside chemotherapy... |
|
Definition
...in the lymph nodes
...in the bone marrow
..."blasts," progenitor/immature blood cells
...as a prophylactic measure to prevent infection, since chemo kills leukocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| overproduction of abnormal plasma cells in the marrow and in bone lesions which produce IgGs and osteoclast activating factor |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Bones: pain, destruction, hypercalcemia
Blood: impaired blood cell production (infection, anemia, weight loss, renal insufficiency)
Neuro: neurological disorders (if in spinal cord), weakness |
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Term
|
Definition
the big 3 (chemo, radiation, stem cell transplant)
as well as THALIDAMIDE |
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Term
|
Definition
low RBC count or Hb
caused by:
loss (blood loss)
destruction (hemolytic anemia)
or underproduction |
|
|
Term
| clinical manifestations of anemia |
|
Definition
headache (due to hypoxia)
tachycardia
dyspnea
angina
and obvious stuff |
|
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Term
| 3 categories of compensation for anemia |
|
Definition
Blood flow: increase that of oxygenated blood, shunt to vital organs
RBC development: increase 2,3DPG in RBCs; increase EPO production
& O2 affinity: decrease Hb affinity so it gets released into tissues more easily |
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Term
| phenotypic classifications of RBCs |
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Definition
cell size: normo-/macro-/microcytic
cell color: normo-/hypo-/hyperchromic |
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Term
|
Definition
| lack of blood due to blood loss |
|
|
Term
| Acute vs. Chronic Blood Loss Anemia |
|
Definition
Acute: normocytic, normochromic
chronic: can be microcytic, and hypochromic due to iron depletion |
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Term
|
Definition
RBC's lysed, Hb released
iron is retained so normochromic/normocytic
jaundice: elevated bilirubin due to liver damage--waste from lysed cells clogging the filter |
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|
Term
clinical manifestations of a hemolytic transfusion reaction
& course of action |
|
Definition
Blood: anemia, jaundice, pallor, hematuria
Neuro: weakness, fatigue, headache
Cardiopulmonary: chest pain, tachycardia, tachypnea
&: stop transfusion, notify physician |
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Term
|
Definition
| normocytic/-chromic anemia caused by "sickle" shaped RBCs r/t beta chain substitution in hemoglobin protein (HbS) |
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|
Term
| Why sickle cell trait is dangerous |
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Definition
| in their irreversibly sickled state, RBCs lose their pliability and become more cohesive--> occlusion--> ischemia/infarction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
SPInACH causes sickling:
Stress
Physical exertion
Infection
Acidosis
Cold
Hypoxia
treatment involves reducing these factors |
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Term
| Clinical Manifestations of Sickle Cell |
|
Definition
decreased life span--> anemia
hemolysis--> jaundice
vaso-occlusive events (capillary stasis, thrombosis, pain, hypoxia, stroke) |
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Term
|
Definition
common cause
dietary deficiency
microcytic, hypochromic anemia, irregular shape/size |
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|
Term
| Diets at risk for iron deficiency |
|
Definition
| vegetarian, pescatarian, and vegan |
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|
Term
| treatment for iron deficiency |
|
Definition
| control loss, increase uptake |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Hct >50%
Absolute primary (vera): marrow increase in RBC production (accompanied by overproduction of other blood cells)
absolute secondary: high EPO production r/t chronic hypoxia (COPD, heart failure)
relative: depletion of plasma |
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|
Term
|
Definition
blood: viscosity, thrombosis, HTN
Neuro: aches and joint pain, weakness/fatigue, dizziness & vision/hearing impairment
Viscera: hepato/splenomegaly |
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|
Term
| treatment of polycythemia vera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intrinsic vs. extrinsic pathway activation |
|
Definition
| collagen release vs. tissue thromboplastin release |
|
|
Term
| end result of coagulation phase of hemostasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The effect of liver disease on clotting. |
|
Definition
| Liver synthesizes clotting factors: liver disease--> poor clotting |
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Term
| Causes of Bleeding Disorders |
|
Definition
Vit. K deficiency (helps develop clotting factors)
hemophelia, liver disease
vessel integrity: vit. C deficiency, age, cushing's |
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormality in quality/quantity of platelets |
|
|
Term
| causes of thrombocytopenia |
|
Definition
| decreased synthesis, increased apoptosis, splenic sequestration r/t liver disease/lymphoma, dilution r/t massive transfusion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
platelet count: <150,000/mcL; 10-20,000/mcL--> risk for intracranial bleeding
erythema, petechiae, purpura |
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