Term
|
Definition
| many dendrites and an axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an axon with no dendrites |
|
|
Term
| Functions of Nervous System |
|
Definition
Sensory Input
Integration
Control of Muscle and Glands
Homeostasis & Mental Activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory Receptors + Nerves |
|
|
Term
| # and Origin of Cranial Nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # and origin of spinal nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of Sensory Receptors |
|
Definition
| detect temp, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odors, etc. @ ends of neurons or as specialized cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundle of axons and their sheaths that connect CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of neuron cell bodies outside CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extensive network of axons and neuron cell bodies outside CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
afferent - division of PNS
Action potentials from receptors to CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
efferent - division of PNS
transmit action potential from CNS to effector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
division of Motor division of PNS
single neuron synapse, from CNS to skeletal muscles
voluntary movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
motor division of PNS
from CNS to smooth Muscle, cardiac muscle and etc.
subconscious/involuntary control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in Autonomic Nervous System
1. from CNS to Ganglion
2. from Ganglion to effector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
division of ANS
prepares body for physical activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
division of ANS
regulates resting/vegetative functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
division of ANS
plexuses within cell wall of digestive tract
Can operate independently of CNS but has combo of para and sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Organization of the Nervous System |
|
Definition
| Receptor - Sensory Ns - CNS - Motor NS - Effector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka neuroglia
support and protect neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Nerve Cells
receive stimuli and transmit action potentials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
location of protein synthesis
aka Nissl Substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short and often highly branched |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
site where action potentials are generated
axon hillock and part of axon nearest cell body |
|
|
Term
| Interneurons/Association Neurons |
|
Definition
| within CNS transmit signals from one neuron to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, schwann cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protect neurons from toxic substances
allows for exchange of neurons and waste products, prevent fluctuations in blood affect brain fnc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glial Cells of CNS
line brain ventricle and sometimes form choroid plexus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glial Cells of CNS
specialized macrophages
respond to inflammation or CNS invasive microorg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glial Cells of CNS
form myelin sheaths around axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glial cells of PNS
wrap around only 2 axon as a myelin sheath |
|
|
Term
| Age at which myelination is complete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane Ion Concentration |
|
Definition
Na & Cl high on outside
K high on Inside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
molecule binds to a receptor
usually a protein or glycoprotein (ACh) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
always open - and specific for 1 type of ion
many more of these for K and Cl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| open or close in response to small voltage changes across membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Touch/Temperature receptors |
|
Definition
| type of gated channels that respond to mechanical/temp changes on skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unequal distribution of charge exists between immediate inside and immediate outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decrease in Resting Membrane Potential
Difference becomes smaller or less polar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increase in RMP
Difference becomes greater or more polar |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization phase of action potentials |
|
Definition
1st phase of action potentials
more positive |
|
|
Term
| Repolarization phase of action potentials |
|
Definition
follows depolarization phase
more negative - may get slight hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
| Absolute Refractory Period |
|
Definition
| complete insensitivity to other stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Relative Refractory Period |
|
Definition
| stronger than threshold stimulus can initiate another action potential |
|
|
Term
| Action Potentials can't move backwards because... |
|
Definition
| initial action potential site is depolarized yielding one-way conduction of impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large diameter axons conduct more rapidly than small due to surface area and more voltage-gated Na channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large diameter; myelinated
motor neurons for skeletal and sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
medium diameter; lightly myelinated
part of ANS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small diameter; unmyelinated
part of ANS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitters released by action potentials into presynaptic terminal; bind to receptor on postsynaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can be excitatory or inhibitory
can also be multifunctional (norepinephrine) |
|
|
Term
| Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential |
|
Definition
depolarization occurs and produces stimulation
might reach threshold producing action potential |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential |
|
Definition
Hyperpolarization and inhibition
decrease action potentials by moving membrane potential farther from threshold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pathways converge and synapse with smaller number of neurons
synthesis of data in brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small # of presynaptic neurons synapse with large # of postsynaptic neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connects spinal cord to brain
several components: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, reticular formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved in control of locomotion, balance and posture
learning motor skills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conscious thought and control
Basal Nuclei and Limbic System |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of brainstem
pathway for ascending/descending nerve tracts
Regulate Heart Rate, Respiration, Swallowing, Vomiting, Hiccupping, coughing, sneezing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of brainstem
contains ascending/descending nerve tracts
relay b/t cerebrum and cerebellum
Sleep Center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of brainstem
contains ascending/descending nerve tracts
visual reflexes and part of auditory pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls cyclic activities such as sleep-wake cycle and menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
major sensory relay center
mood and movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains nerve tracts + nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nuclei responding to olfactory stimulation
also contains PINEAL BODY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maintaining homeostasis
regulating endocrine function |
|
|
Term
| Pyramids of Medulla Oblongata |
|
Definition
Descending Nerve Tracts
each 1/2 of brain controls opposite side of body |
|
|
Term
| Olives of Medulla Oblongata |
|
Definition
| nuclei that help regulate balance, coordination, modulation and sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4 colliculi involved in visual reflexes and in hearing
part of midbrain of brainstem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
larges in CNS
inhibitory; 200,000 synapses |
|
|
Term
| Lateral Hemispheres of Cerebellum |
|
Definition
| works with cerebrum to learn complex movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posture, locomotion, fine motor movements |
|
|
Term
| Flocculonodular lobe of Cerebellum |
|
Definition
| balance and eye movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motor, Mood, Emotion, Sensory |
|
|
Term
| Components of Epithalamus |
|
Definition
Pineal Gland - regulate biological clock, onset of puberty
Habenular Nucleus - response to odor |
|
|
Term
| Components of Hypothalamus |
|
Definition
Mammilary Body - olfactory reflexes
Infundibulum - control endocrine system
(mood, sexual pleasure, rage, fear, satisfaction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates 2 hemispheres of cerebrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates frontal and parietal lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voluntary motor function, motivation, agressions, smell and mood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reception of sensory info except smell, hearing and vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reception and integration of visual input |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reception of smell and hearing
memory, abstract thought, judgement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Important for motor function control
cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
basic survival functions (memory, reprod, nutrition)
emotions
cerebrum and diencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater |
|
|
Term
| Arachnoid Mater & Subdural Space |
|
Definition
between dura and arachnoid
small amount of serous fluid within |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thin delicate CT Membrane closely adhered to brain
follows external contours of brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bathes brain and spinal cord
protective cushion around CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formed by specialized epidermal cells
produce CSF |
|
|
Term
| Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier |
|
Definition
endothelial cells attached by tight junctions
substances must pass through cells not between |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
interruption can cause brain damage
receives blood through arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lipid Soluble - pass through by diffusion
Water Soluble - pass through by mediated transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
From Foramen magnum to 2nd Lumbar
4 Segments; 2 additional segments with differing diameters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where anesthesia is injected
blood vessels, connective tissue and fat |
|
|
Term
| Subarachnoid Space of Spinal Cord |
|
Definition
| CSP and blood vessels within web-like strands of arachnoid tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bound tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus |
|
Definition
| deep clefts partially separating right and left halves of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spinal nerves arise as rootlets then combine to form roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positive in adults is considered a pathological symptom; normal in <2 yrs old |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neural pathway that mediates a reflex action
basic functional unit of nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Most sensory neurons synapse where? |
|
Definition
| spinal cord - allows for relatively quickly by activating spinal motor neurons without delay of routing signals through the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| automatic response to a stimulus that occurs without conscious thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Higher brain centers can influence, suppress, or exaggerate reflex responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muscles contract in response to a stretching force;
UNIQUE B/C NO Interneuron |
|
|
Term
| Motor Neurons involved in Stretch Reflex |
|
Definition
| Gamma Motor Neurons - control sensitivity of muscle spindle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons
produces sudden relaxation of the muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions is to remove a body limb or other part from painful stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes relaxation of extensor muscles when flexor muscle contracts - also in stretch reflex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one lower limb, the crossed extensor reflex causes extension of opposite lower limb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce either EPSP or IPSP which modify the reflex |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Nerve Components |
|
Definition
Axon bundles, Schwann Cells
Connective tissue (Endoneurium, Perineurium, Epineurium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounds individual nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounds the entire nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
31 pair
1st pair exit vertebral b/t skull and atlas
last 4 pair exit ia sacral foramina |
|
|
Term
| Divisions of Spinal Nerves |
|
Definition
8 - cervical
12 - thoracic
5 - lumbar & sacral
1 - coccygeal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innervate deep muscles of trunk; responsible for vertebral column mvmts; and skin near midline of back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| several different regions of spinal cord involved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
focus on why pt seeks medical attn.
recorded in pt's OWN words, not diagnostic |
|
|
Term
| Important info for Neuroexam history |
|
Definition
Past Medical history
Social History
Family History
Onset of symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Observations of Neuroexam |
|
Definition
| pt: behavior, attitude, appearance, ability to answer questions and concentrate |
|
|
Term
| Continuum of Consciousness |
|
Definition
degree of consciousness
alert, lethargic, obtunded, stuporous, comatose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
malfunction of trigem nerve (sensation from face>brain)
bouts of severe pain in face |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abnormality of facial nerve that leads to sudden weakness or paralysis of muscles on ONE side of face
Unknown cause - maybe lack of blood supply |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Trigeminal Neuralgia |
|
Definition
| anti seizure drugs, antidepressants, or sever the nerve |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Bell's Palsy |
|
Definition
| some corticosteriods, most symptoms subside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Invasive - cerebrovascular blood flow
catheter into femoral artery, contrast medium, x-ray films to study flow of dye; potential for iodine allergy |
|
|
Term
| Digital Subtraction Angiography |
|
Definition
Invasive - without interference from bone and tissue
Visualize cerebral blood flow, aneurysms, tumor, hematomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Invasive - introduce radionuclide substances
BBB integrity, abnormal vascularity, blood flow dynamics, ischemic/infarcted areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Invasive - needles in muscles w/ electrical signals
differentiate muscle disease from neurologic disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Invasive - measure CSF and collect CSF from L3-L5
curl in ball, don't use if increase spinal pressure - could cause hernia |
|
|
Term
| Positive Emission Tomographic Scan (PET) |
|
Definition
Invasive - metabolic states of tissue
radioactive glucose indicates tissue use of energy
study brain blood flow and metabolic activity
Alzheimer, Parkinson, MS |
|
|
Term
| Brain Stem Evoked Potentials |
|
Definition
| Non - detect electrical brain activity resulting from external stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Computed Tomography Scan (CT) |
|
Definition
Non - used to show structure but not FNC of brain
hemorrhages, tumor, brain pressure differences |
|
|
Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
Non - magnetic field used to take pictures of head
can't be seen on X-ray, ultrasound of CT
tumors, infarctions, vascular abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| Electronystagmogram (ENG) |
|
Definition
| non - insert air or water at different temps and record activity of eye muscle movements to test vestibular fnc |
|
|
Term
| Echoencephalography (ultrasound) |
|
Definition
| Non - use sound wave that are deflected depending on density of tissue to see structural characteristics |
|
|
Term
| Electroencephalography (EEG) |
|
Definition
Non - recording of electrical impulses arising from cortical surface of brain
seizure activity or brain-dead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| injury to brain possibly producing intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
closed, non missile
hard strike to head, no exposure to environment
focal or diffuse injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Penetrating, missile
breaks dura and exposes contents to environment
FOCAL injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directly below point of impact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on the pole opposite site of impact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
observable brain lesion
usually impact causes contusions:
causing hematomas or hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between dura membrane and arachnoid membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Shaking, inertial affect
shearing, tearing, stretching of nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mild/Classical Concussion
Mild/Moderate/Severe DAI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
temporary axonal disturbances causing attn and memory deficits but no loss of consciousness
3 levels |
|
|
Term
| 1st level mild concussion |
|
Definition
| confusion, disorientation and momentary amnesia |
|
|
Term
| 2nd level mild concussion |
|
Definition
| momentary confusion and retrograde amnesia |
|
|
Term
| 3rd level of mild concussion |
|
Definition
| confusion with retrograde and anterograde amnesia |
|
|
Term
| Classic Concussion (grade 4) |
|
Definition
loss of consciousness (<6hrs)
both types of amnesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rise above 33 mm Hg reduces cerebral blooed flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased ICP can cause hypertension and bradycardia |
|
|
Term
| Increase ICP manifestations |
|
Definition
| Headache, Papilledema, Vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ligate(tie off) any bleeding vessels or to evacuate hematomas or penetrating objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to treat head injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rate coma in motor, verbal and eye responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurologic Death - when brain damage leaves no potential for recovery and can no longer maintain homeostasis of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neurologic death - irreversible coma
death of cerebral hemispheres
vegetable; brain can still maintain homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unresponsive Coma, No apnea, absent cephalic reflexes, flat EEG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T - Trauma
I - infection
P - Psychiatric problems
S - space-occupying lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A - alcohol
E - endocrine
I - insulin
O - lower O2
U - Uremia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wakeful unconscious state
specific diagnostic criteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flexion of arms, wrists and fingers and extension of legs-results from lesions of cerebral hemisphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rigidity of arms and legs with palms turned away from body with stiffly extended legs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| localization of pain with left hand and flexion or extension on the right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unilateral left sided lesion exerting a variable contralateral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bilateral upper and lower limb extension response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bilateral extensor upper limb posture with either flaccidity or minimal diminished flexor response in lower limbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highest in young males aged 15-30 |
|
|
Term
| Accerlation-deceleration Injury |
|
Definition
injury occurs in motor vehicle collisions
Sudden stop of mvmt causes Hyperflexion/hyperexte
Cervical Injury |
|
|
Term
| Excessive Rotation Injury |
|
Definition
if of the head may also rupture ligaments, fracture vertebrae or cause tension trauma to the cord
Cervical Injury |
|
|
Term
| Axial loading (vertical compression) Injury |
|
Definition
usual mechanism of the injury in diving accidents and sports injuries
T12-L2 |
|
|
Term
Penetrating Trauma Injury
(other than bone fragments) |
|
Definition
uncommon cause of spinal cord injury
bullets, knives, or other penetrating object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
level of injury above C6
all extremity function is lost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
function @ or above C6 is preserved
shoulder, arm and some forearm muscle control still exists |
|
|
Term
| Types of Secondary Injury |
|
Definition
Edema & Hemorrhage
extend the area of lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
represent functional disruption of neurotransmission
may persist for days to weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflexes may become hyper-reflexic because of absence of inhibitors; muscle/bladder spasms for example |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hyperextension, hyperflexion, rotational (all cervical)
vertebral compression (T12-L2) |
|
|
Term
| Locations of most vertebral injuries |
|
Definition
C1-C2 & C4-C7 (Cervical)
T12 to L2 (Thoracic to Lumbar) |
|
|
Term
Autonomic Hyperreflexia
(Autonomic Dysreflexia) |
|
Definition
Life threatening condition in response to stimulation of internal organs after spinal shock has worn off
@ or above T7 and 1-12 weeks after injury |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic Hyperreflexia symptoms |
|
Definition
| onset of hypertension, SNS is hyperactive, bradycardia, cardiac failure or stroke |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Autonomic Hyperrfelxia |
|
Definition
elevate bed to 45degrees to decrease BP
Remove noxious stimulus by providing bladder/bowel relief
ganglionic blocker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluid-filled cavity forms and extends within central part of lesion
extends lesion and causes additional disfunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
develop months to years after injury, pain despite loss of sensory pathways
dendrites may sprout as tissue heals |
|
|
