Term
| What gives bile its color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's bilirubin formed from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally high accumulation of bilirubin in blood, as a result of which there is yellowish discoloration to skin and deep tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are venous sinusoids linwed with? |
|
Definition
| two types of cells: endothelial cells and Kupffers cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of monouclear phagocyte system, thus are capable of removing and phagocytizing old and defective blood cells, bacteria, and other foreign material from the portal blood as it flows through the sinusoid |
|
|
Term
| How much bile does the liver produce daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water, bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol, and various inorganic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aid in emulsifying dietary fats and are necessary for formation of the micelles that transport fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins to surface of intestinal mucosa for absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when rbc are destroyed at rate in excess of liver's ability to remove bilirubin from blood |
|
|
Term
| What can hemolytic jaundice follow? |
|
Definition
| blood transfusion reaction, occurs in diseases, or in hemolytic disease of newborn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
condition characterized by severe neurological symptoms which are due to high blood levels of unconjucated bilirubin
b/c it's lipid-soluble, it's able to enter nerve cells and cause brain damage |
|
|
Term
| Gilberts disease jaundice |
|
Definition
inherited as dominant trait and results in a reduced uptake of bilirubin
benign and fairly common
no symptoms other than slightly elevated unconjugated bilirubin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impairment of conjugation of bilirubin, due to liver cell damage or when transport of bilirubin into liver cells becomes deficient, or when there is lack of enzymes needed to conjugate the bile |
|
|
Term
| Obstructive jaundice or cholestatic jaundice |
|
Definition
| obstruction may be of either intrahepatic or extrahepatic origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both conjugated and unconjugated serum bilirubin levels are abnormally high |
|
|
Term
| What are possible factors of intrahepatic jaundice? |
|
Definition
| liver disease, drugs, oral contraceptives, estrogen, or anabolic steroids |
|
|
Term
| Extrahepatic cholestatic jaundice |
|
Definition
| due to obstrution to bile flow between liver and intestine |
|
|
Term
| What are possible causes of extrahepatic cholestatic jaundice? |
|
Definition
| strictures of bile duct, gallstones, and tumors of bile duct or pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Manifestations with Obstructive or Cholestatic Jaundice |
|
Definition
| fever, chills, and pain may accompany jaundice caused by viral or bacterial inflammation of liver |
|
|
Term
| What can any liver injury potentially cause? |
|
Definition
| anorexia, malaise, and fatigue, along with pruritis (usually found) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
brief incubation period
usually spred by fecal-oral route --> drinking contaminated milk or water and eating shellfish from infected waters are frequent causes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
longer incubation period and more likely to cause serious illness and to become chronic
drug abusers (injection) may spread the disease as can contaminated medical equipment
people on hemodialysis high risk b/c require blood transfusions and in part b/c their immune system is deficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA virus (only one)
incubation 35-60 days
transmitted parenterally or sexually, can develop into chronic hepatitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effects are believed to arise because of an immune reaction in which hepatitis virus in some way alters the antigenic properties of hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| Manifestations of acute hepatitis |
|
Definition
| usually consists of three phases: prodromal phase, icteric phase, and recovery phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
begins 2 weeks after exposure and ends with jaundice
fatigue, anorexia, malaise, nausea, headache, cough, low-grade fever are some symptoms
infection highly transmissible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from 1-6 weeks after prodromal phase
effects of jaundice are evident
liver is enlarge, smooth, and tender
fatigue and abdominal pain persist from prodromal phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
begins about 6-8 weeks after exposure
liver may still be enlarged and tender but symptoms diminish
liver function tests return to normal |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of acute hepatitis |
|
Definition
largely symptomatic
limited activity, dietary restrictions are minimal
if oral intake becomes inadequate, glucose solutions may be administered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diffuse process characterized by firbrosis and conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal modules
usually associated with alcoholism, but can develop in course of other disorders, including viral hepatitis, toxic reactions to drug and chemicals, biliary obstruction, and cardiac disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
characterized by replacement of liver tissue with small to large nodules of fibrous tissue with a resultant markedly deformed and nodular liver
accounts for 10-30% of cases of cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
starts in bile ducts
occurs as a primary or secondary disorder and accounts for 10-20% of cases of cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| Primary biliary cirrhosis |
|
Definition
most common in women 40-60
cause is unknown
characterized by inflammation and scarring of the septal and introlublar bile ducts
once symptoms become clinically evident, life expectancy 5 years |
|
|
Term
| Secondary biliary cirrhosis |
|
Definition
develops as result of prolonged obstruction of bile flow either within the liver or in the extrahepatic ducts
Most commonly due to gallstones, structure of bile ducts, or neoplasms that obstruct bile flow |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common manifestations of biliary cirrhosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stage of fatty changes of alcoholic cirrhosis |
|
Definition
enlargement of liver due to excessive accumulation of fat within liver cells
alcohol replaces fat as fuel for liver metabolism and impairs mitochondrial ability to oxidize fat |
|
|
Term
| Stage of alcoholic hepatitis |
|
Definition
characterized by inflammation and necrosis of liver cells
necrotic lesions are generally patchy, but may involve an entire lobe |
|
|
Term
| How is a stage characterized? |
|
Definition
| hepatic tenderness, pain, anorexia, nausea, fever, jaundice, ascites, and liver failure |
|
|
Term
| What's the main enzyme affected and increased during stage of alcoholic hepatitis? |
|
Definition
| serum glumatic oxaloacteic transaminase(SGOT) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
direct result of liver injury due to the fatty changes and alcoholic hepatits
liver becomes yellow-orange, fatty, and diffusely scarred
normal structure is distorted by bands of fibrous tissue, which separate areas of regenerated cells
disease progession = liver shrinking
normal tissue is replaced by scar tissue, this is obstruction to blood flow through liver and formation of extrahepatic shunts |
|
|
Term
| Initially complaints of portal or alcoholic cirrhosis |
|
Definition
fatigability and weight loss
liver is often palpable and hard
diarrhea is frequently present
may be abdominal pain due to liver enlargement or stretching of flisson's capsule
pain is located in upper right quadrant and is dull and aching, and causes a sense of fullness |
|
|
Term
| Late manifestations of portal or alcoholic cirrhosis |
|
Definition
related to portal hypertension and liver cell failure
portal hypertension causes complications such as esophageal varices and ascites
hepatocellular failure there is decreased production of bile, plasma proteins, and blood-clotting factors, and interferences with removal of bilirubin, ammonia, and other substances |
|
|
