Term
| What are conducting airways lined with? |
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Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
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Term
| What's pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium contain? |
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Definition
| serous glands and mucus-secreting goblet cells |
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Term
| What's special about the pharynx? |
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Definition
| only opening between the nasal and mouth openings and the lungs |
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Term
|
Definition
| connects pharynx with trachea |
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Term
|
Definition
| thin, leaf-shaped structure that aids in covering the larynx during swallowing to prevent food and fluids from entering the larynx |
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Term
| What are the functions of the epiglottis? |
|
Definition
associated with speech
associated with protecting the lung by preventing the entrance of substances other than air |
|
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Term
|
Definition
continuous tube that connects larynx and major bronchi of lungs
walls are supported by cartilage |
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Term
| What is formed when the trachea divides? |
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Definition
| right and left primary bronchi, which enters the lung through a slit called the hilus |
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Term
| What are bronchioles encircled with? |
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Definition
| a spiraling layer of smooth muscle fiberes |
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|
Term
| What causes bronchoconstriction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes relaxation of muscle? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| functional units where gas exchange takes place |
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Term
| What is each lobule supplied with? |
|
Definition
| structures that provide for both gas exchange and circulation of blood |
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|
Term
| What do gas exchange structures consist of? |
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Definition
| respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, and alveoli sacs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| cup-shaped, thin-walled structures seperated from each other by alveolar septa |
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|
Term
| What are alveolar structures composed of? |
|
Definition
| three types of cells: type 1 alveolar cells, type 2 alveolar cells, and alveolar macrophages |
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|
Term
| What are type 1 alveolar cells? |
|
Definition
| flat, squamous, epithelial cells, across which gas exchange takes place |
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|
Term
| What are type 2 alveolar cells? |
|
Definition
produce surfactant, a lipoprotein substance that decreases the surface tension within the alveoli
allows for greater ease of lung inflation and helps prevent collapse of smaller airways |
|
|
Term
| What do alveolar macrophages do? |
|
Definition
| responsible for removal of offending matter from alveolar epithelium |
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Term
|
Definition
| mechanical movement of gas or air into and out of lungs |
|
|
Term
| When measuring respiratory pressure, what is the value of atmospheric pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's Boyle's law state? |
|
Definition
| pressure of a gas will vary inversely with the volume of the container, provided the temperature is kept constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from an area of greater pressure to one of lesser pressure |
|
|
Term
| What's the law of partial pressures? |
|
Definition
| total pressure of mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the seperate gases in the mixture |
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|
Term
| What is water vapor pressure? |
|
Definition
| air in lungs is completely saturated |
|
|
Term
| What's the pressure of water vapor at normal body temperature (98.6)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must be included in the sum of the total pressure of the gases in the alveoli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
describes ease with which lungs can be inflated
refers to change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in respiratory pressures |
|
|
Term
| What's used to measure respiratory volumes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
500 ml
amount of air that moves in and out of lungs during normal breathing |
|
|
Term
| What's inspiratory reserve(IRV)? |
|
Definition
3000
maximum amount of air that can be inspired in excess of normal tidal volume |
|
|
Term
| What's expiratory reserve(ERV)? |
|
Definition
1200 ml
maximum amount that can be exhaled in excess of normal tidal volume |
|
|
Term
| What's vital capacity(VC)? |
|
Definition
4700 ml
measure of respiratory reserve, amount of air that can be inhaled and forcibly exhaled in a single breath |
|
|
Term
| What's the vital capacity equation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's residual volume(RV)? |
|
Definition
1200 ml
amount of air always remaining in lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of air that is exchanged in 1 minute |
|
|
Term
| What's minute volume determined by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's minute volume equal to? |
|
Definition
tidal volume multiplied by the respiratory rate
500 ml (TV) X 12 breaths/min (respiratory rate) = 6000 ml (minute volume) |
|
|
Term
| What's tidal volume and rate of breathing determined by? |
|
Definition
| ease of lung expansion (compliance) and the effort needed to move air through the conducting airways |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| air moved with each breath but doesn't participate in gas exchange |
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|
Term
| What are the two types of dead air space? |
|
Definition
that contained in the conducting airways (anatomic)
that contained in the respiratory portion of the lung (physiological dead space) |
|
|
Term
| What's the volume of dead air space? |
|
Definition
fixed
approximately 150-200 ml |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alveoli gases diffuse across alveolar-capillary membrane, moving from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration |
|
|
Term
| What four factors is the diffusion of gasses in lung influenced by? |
|
Definition
surface area available for diffusion
thickness of alveolar-capillary membrane through which gases diffuse
characteristics of the gas
difference between partial pressure of gas on either side of the membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the dual blood supply of lungs? |
|
Definition
| bronchial and pulmonary circulations |
|
|
Term
| What's the pulmonary circulation do? |
|
Definition
| provides for gas exchange function of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What's the bronchial circulation do? |
|
Definition
| provides lung with blood to meet its nutritional needs |
|
|
Term
| What's the function of the pulmonary circulation? |
|
Definition
facilitate gas exchange
there must be a continuous flow of blood through the respiratory portion of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What are the pulmonary vessels? |
|
Definition
| thinner and more compliant that those in the systemic circulation, and the pressures in the pulmonary systems are much lower |
|
|
Term
| What's the gas exchange properties of the lung? |
|
Definition
| dependent upon the matching of ventilation and perfusion, so there are equal amount of air and blood entering the respiratory portion of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What are the two factors that may interfere with matching of ventilation and perfusion? |
|
Definition
| hypoventilation and shunt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to blood that moves from the venous to the arterial system without going through the ventilated portion of the lung |
|
|
Term
| What's respiratory shunting of the blood result from? |
|
Definition
| destructive lung disease, which impairs ventilation or from heart failure in which there is interference with the movement of blood through sections of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What's the control of respiration? |
|
Definition
| movement of muscles controlling respiration requires continuous input from the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What's the activity of the respiratory center regulated by? |
|
Definition
| input from other neural centers and by blood gases and blood pH |
|
|
Term
| What do chemoreceptors monitor? |
|
Definition
tissue needs for oxygen delivery and removal of carbon dioxide
respond to changes in these blood gases and pH |
|
|
Term
| Where are the chemoreceptors for monitoring changes in carbon dioxide located? |
|
Definition
| medulla, near the respiratory center |
|
|
Term
| What are arterial oxygen levels monitored by? |
|
Definition
| peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid and aortic bodies |
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