Term
| Primary function of Cowper’s gland (bulbourethral gland) |
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Definition
| -during sexual arousal the glands secrete alkaline mucus into the penile urethra. The alkalinity of the mucus protects sperm by neutralizing and residual acidic urine in the urethra. |
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Term
| Primary function of prostate |
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Definition
| -produces a milky alkaline fluid that helps to neutralize the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina. It contributes about 30-35% of the total seminal fluid volume. |
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Term
| Primary function of seminal vesicles |
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Definition
| glandular sacs that reside behind the bladder, the thick alkaline fluid secreted by the glandular epithelium of the seminal vesicle contributes about 60% of the seminal fluid volume. Sperm needs alkaline fluid because it can’t live in acidic fluid. |
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Term
| Primary function of vas deferens |
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Definition
| -propels sperm forward by muscular peristaltic contractions into the ejaculatory duct. |
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Term
| Primary function of epididymis |
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Definition
| -Sperm travels through the epididymis over 12 days and are functionally and morphologically readied for fertilization. |
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Term
| Primary function of seminiferous tubules |
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Definition
| -within each testis, there are 200 meters of seminiferous tubules accounting for 80-90% of the testicular mass. Spermatoozoa are produced within the seminiferous tubules. They contain a lining of germ cells and specialized sertoli cells that partially envelop and nurture the developing gametes. |
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Term
| Functions of Male Reproductive system |
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Definition
-production of sperm
-transport and deposit of sperm in the female
-secretion of testosterone |
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Term
| Functions of female reproductive system |
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Definition
-production of ova
-secretion of hormones
-pregnancy and birth of a fetus
-breastfeeding infant |
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Term
| Amenorrhea: primary and secondary |
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Definition
without a menstrual cycle
-primary: have not started by age 16
-secondary: menstrual cycle start normally but then stops |
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Term
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Definition
| -pain during the menstrual cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| -bleeding between menstrual cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| -prolonged or excessive but regular menses |
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Term
| Teaching for pt taking birth control pills |
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Definition
| -If 1 or 2 pills are missed, then take as soon as remembered. If 3 pills are missed then |
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Term
| Different types of hysterectomies |
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Definition
Partial: removal of only the body of the uterus without the cervix
Complete: total uterus
Removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes is called a salpingo-oopherectomy |
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Term
| BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) teaching |
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Definition
-BPH is an enlargement of the prostate gland because of an overgrowth in the number of cells.
-Focus on conservative measurers to control the primary symptoms associated with impaired urinary flow. Establishment of a consistent medication routine, avoidance of large quantities of late evening fluid intake and emptying the bladder immediately before going to bed can help to control nocturia that interrupts restful sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| -most common procedure used for surgical removal of BPH. Performed under regional anesthesia and involves laser ablation of prostatic tissue during cystoscopy. Following the surgery a double lumen indwelling catheter is placed into the urinary bladder. NS is instilled through one lumen of the catheter and flows into the bladder, where it flushes or washes out the blood that oozes from the operative site. The second lumen of the catheter drains the saline, blood, and urine out of the bladder. Postoperatively, the urine is bright red, and the saline must be run in fast enough to prevent clotting within the bladder. It is regular for a lot of blood to pass after a TURP |
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Term
| The only definitive test for diagnosis of prostate cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| Testicular Self Exam teaching |
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Definition
-should be taught to young men and be performed monthly
-assess testicles for any changes, check for painless and enlarged testis. |
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Term
| Typical spinal cord injury patient and cause |
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Definition
| the typical person with an SCI is male between 16 and 30 years of age. Most SCI’s are caused by motor vehicle accidents. Falls are second. |
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Term
| Level of cord injury and major dysfunction |
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Definition
-high cervical injuries above C3 will result in loss of respiratory function and death unless ventilator support is provided. All injures will result in varying losses of bowel and bladder functioning. Cervical injuries are the most common. C6 is the most common c spine injury because of the greatest mobility of the neck at this area. Injuries at the thoracic level and below allow for movement of the arms and hands.
Pt’s with injuries at or above T12 are at risk for pneumonia and atelectasis. T7 and above will need assistance with removal of secretions a, especially during the acute phase of treatment. |
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Term
| Treatment regimen with high dose corticosteroids |
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Definition
| -early treatment of spinal cord trauma with high doses of corticosteroids has been shown to be extremely effective in the prevention of spinal cord damage after trauma occurs. The research showed that IV administration of a 30 mg/kg bolus of methylprednisolone flowed by 5.4 mg/kg/hr for 23 hours improves neurological recovery of function if administered within 8 hours after injury. |
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Term
| S/S of autonomic hyperreflexia, spinal shock, neurogenic shockHyperreflexia: |
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Definition
| Spinal shock: absent DTR, flaccid paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
| -usually begins in the legs and proceeds spreading to the arms, face and sometimes to the muscles of respiration. Respiratory involvement occurs rapidly. Characterized by pain and paresthesias. |
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Term
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Definition
| -symptoms include facial weakness, which begins abruptly and worsens over the following days. Pain accompanies the weakness but usually only lasts a few days. Pt’s may have limited eye closure and restricted movement of facial stiffness. Pt’s may have difficulty eating and alterations in taste. |
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Term
| Teaching for patients with ALS (Lou Gehrig’s disease) |
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Definition
| In the early stages, educate and support the pt and family as they adjust to the lifestyle changes. Teaching should address the physical emotional and social aspects of the disease. Exercise and physical therapy can help the pt to maximize function. End of life issues need to be discussed with the pt and their family, early in the disease progression |
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Term
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Definition
| -refers to the genetic constitution, or blueprint of an individual or the actual gene pairs that are inherited from the parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| -an organized profile of a persons chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| -the physical, biochemical, and physiological nature of an individual as determined by the genotype and the environment |
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Term
| Common Chromosomal abnormalities |
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Definition
Down Syndrome: infant is born with an extra chromosome 21
Monosomis: one member of a chromosome pair is missing. Turner syndrome (phenotypically female but have gonadal dysgenesis or streak ovaries and short stature)
Trisomes: three of a given chromosome instead of the usual two.
Mosaicism: tissue composed of cells of two different genotypes or karyotypes, occurs when two different cell types are present in a single person. |
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Term
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Definition
Amino: procedure by which a sample of amniotic fluid is aspirated through the uterine and abdominal wall with a sterile syringe guided by ultrasound. It can identify single gene disorders (like CF), metabolic diseases in which the affected enzyme has been previously identified, chromosome defects, and neural tube defects (spina bifida).
CVS (chorionic villus sampling): chorion cells can be tested to indicate fetal abnormality. A catheter is introduced through the vagina or abdominal wall and using US scanning is guided to the chorionic villi. This test can be performed at 10-12 weeks gestation.
Fetoscopy: insertion of a needle through a small incision that is made in the woman’s abdomen. Fetoscopy is used to obtain a skin biopsy for evaluation and is used to identify birth defects and inherited diseases that cannont be detected using amniocentesis or CVS. Takes a chunk of futal skin.
AFP (alpha fetoprotein): a fetal protein produced in the yolk sac of the embryo for the first 6 weeks of gestation and then by the fetal liver. Screening is done routinely at 16 to 18 weeks to identify the possibility of neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly. |
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Term
| Ethical issues surrounding genetic testing |
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Definition
| -using information derived from genetic testing for reproductive choice adds a host of ethical dilemmas. Genetic information regarding the unborn with intent to terminate a pregnancy has been met with objection by several groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| somatic cell division resulting in the formation of 2 cells, each with the same chromosome complement as the pare cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of 2 specialized divisions of diploid germ cells to produce 4 gametes containing the haploid number of chromosomes with the slightest deviation causing abnormal fetal development. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of 2 or more alternative forms of a gene at the same location on a chromosome that determines alternative characteristics in inheritance. |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual who is heterozygous for a normal gene and an abnormal gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 different alleles for a single trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| identical alleles for a single traint. |
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Term
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Definition
| both copies of a gene must be altered for a genetic condition or disease to become apparent or visible. |
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Term
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Definition
| only one copy of the abnormal gene is needed for phenotypic expression |
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Term
| Diagnostic testing for cardiac disease |
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Definition
| -ECG monitoring is the most commonly used evaluation procedure to diagnose heart disease |
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Term
| Determine HR by how many QRS complexes in a 6 second strip |
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Definition
| -5 large boxes equal one second in time and 15 boxes represents 3 seconds in time. Each small square = 0.04 sec, each large square represents 0.20 seconds. Each large square contains 5 small boxes. ALWAYS DETERMINE HR FIRST |
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Term
| Differentiate heart block (1st degree, 2nd degree, complete) |
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Definition
1st degree: occurs when there is a delay in the impulse transmission at the AV node, usually occurs with every impulse and can be seen on every beat on the recorded rhythm strip. PR interval is the identifying factor in this rhythm. Treatment is usually not needed.
-2nd degree: occurs when there is a progressive delay of the electrical impulse at the AV node with each consecutive heartbeat. 2 P waves for every QRS complex.
-Complete: occurs when the impulses generated by the SA node are not conducted to the ventricles. There is essentially no communication between the atria and ventricles as they are each beating independently of each other. P waves are present but will have no association with the QRS complexes. |
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Term
| Death rate attributed to heart and vessel ailments |
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Definition
| -nearly one million people in the US annually die of heart and blood Bessel disease. Symptoms usually do not occur until at least 60% of the vessel lumen is occluded. |
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Term
| Modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors |
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Definition
-modifiable: hypertension, high cholesterol, physical inactivity, obesity, stress, and diabetes mellitus.
-nonmodifiable: age, gender, ethnicity |
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Term
| Teaching for blood cholesterol levels and screening |
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Definition
| -teach pt good nutrition habits. Cholesterol is located in animal sources, such as meat and eggs, and is the main contributor to hyperlipidemia. Pt’s need to be aware of the amount of saturated fat and cholesterol consumed daily. Advise the pt to stop smoking |
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Term
| Common side effect of anticoagulant therapy |
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Definition
| bruising and bleeding easily |
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Term
| Major complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm |
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Definition
| -rupture. Avoid palpation of the site, auscultate for a bruit |
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Term
| Surgical intervention for PAD |
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Definition
stands for Peripheral Arterial Disease, but in our book all we have is Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease so I’m assuming this is what she wants us to know the surgical interventions for
Surgical procedures are indicated for pt.s who have not responded to other forms of treatment, continue to have severe symptoms, and are at risk for limb amputation. An endarterectomy may be the procedure of choice, which involves making a surgical incision and removing the obstructing plaque. The artery is then sutured together, and blood is free to flow distally.
Bypass grafts are another surgical consideration to allow blood to flow around diseased vessels. Grafts can be either synthetic, man-made products, such as GorTex and Dacron, or autologous, utilizing a vein for another area of the pt. Both grafts require patency distal to where the graft will be surgically joined to the native vessel, known as the anastomosis site. Graft procedures are identified by the preananstomosis vessels, for example axillo-femoral, aorto-iliac, aorto-femoral, and femoral-popliteal bypass procedures. Amputation of the extremity below the claudication must be considered if other interventions are not successful. |
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Term
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Definition
| A three factor development associated with the creation of venous thrombosis. These factors include venous stasis, vessel wall injury and alteration of blood coagulation |
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Term
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Definition
| An occlusive disease mostly located in small to medium sized arteries and less frequently in veins. Much more common in woman, especially young adult males who smoke. Extreme sensitivity to heat and cold and pain in the digits due to ischemia are often early symptoms of impending tissue damage. Affected tissues appear cyanotic and ruddy |
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Term
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Definition
| -a heredity disorder of an autosomal recessive defect and a type of chronic hemolytic anemia. If both parents carry the gene, each child has a 25% risk of inheriting the gene from both parents. African Americans carry the defective gene, having inherited it from one parent. Manage fever, aggressive use of transfusions and managing pain will improve pt’s conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma is the liquid portion of the circulation system that carries organic and inorganic elements. The electrolytes are dissolved in water. Plasma also carries glucose to the cells in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| -The first cause is a loss of RBC’s due to bleeding from any source, such as a wound or trauma, the nose, or the GI system. The second cause is a decreased production of RBC’s which can be from disorders such as bone marrow suppression. The third case is an increased destruction of RBC’s which can result from abnormal RBC structures. |
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Term
| DIC and coagulation therapy |
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Definition
| -Blood products, specifically fresh frozen plasma and platelet concentrates. The administration of heparin is somewhat controversial but may be given for it’s interference with the clotting processes and the chance of preventing further overuse of clotting factors. |
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Term
| Electrolyte imbalance seen with multiple myeloma |
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Definition
| -the incidence of hypocalcaemia in pt’s with myeloma is approximately 25%. If the serum calcium level rises slowly, a pt can remain relatively asymptomatic for a period of time. If the rise is sudden a hypercalcemic crisis can occur and result in coma, renal failure, or cardiac arrest. Early symptoms of hypocalcaemia includes fatigue, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, polydipsia, dry mucous membranes or constipation. |
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Term
| Bacteria most responsible for community acquired pneumonia |
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Definition
| Streptococcus pneumonia accounts for 25 to 35% of all community acquired pneumonias. |
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Term
| Oxygen therapy via nasal cannula and nursing interventions |
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Definition
| -change oxygen tubing including nasal prongs or masks when the tubing becomes contaminated. |
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Term
| COPD and O2 administration and pain med administration |
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Definition
-COPD pt’s retain CO2 as a result of the chronic effects of the disease. The body becomes acclimated to the retained CO2 and the process becomes part of the normal respiratory process. Pt’s with COPD cannot tolerate high levels of oxygen because the high level of oxygen can alter the CO2 retention process causing an acute respiratory event. A nurse can safely apply two liters of oxygen per nasal cannula on any pt in distress.
-Give pain meds 30-45 min prior to any activity. Effective pain control will not only promote mobility but also allow more effective outcomes |
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Term
| Incentive Spirometry teaching |
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Definition
| -do once every hour and deep breath 10 times. |
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Term
| TB epidemiology, tx and PPD testing |
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Definition
Currently 1/3 of the world’s population has been infected by tuberculosis mycobacterium. TB remains on the rise because o the presence of HIV infections and increased travel or immigration from parts of the world where TB was never brought under control. About 10 million Americans are affected with TB mycobacterium. Only about 10 percent will develop active disease in their lifetime. The other 90 percent will never get sick and develop latent TB.
Presenting symptoms of TB in adults are often vague and consist of a cough over 3 weeks duration, pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), fatigue, malaise, anorexia, night sweats, and periodic fevers.
Latent TB infection (present or potential disease that is currently not active) occurs when a person exposed to the mycobacterium has a positive PPD test. Upon exposure it typically takes six to eight weeks to convert to a positive PPD. |
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Term
| Pnemothorax/hemothorax and chest tubes |
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Definition
-Pneumothorax: a collection of air in the; pleural cavity that may occur as a result of trauma, TB or chronic respiratory diseases.
-hemothorax: a collection of blood pooling in the pleural cavity that may occur as a result of trauma.
To remove fluid or air from the pleural space, a chest tube must be inserted, using a large bore needle into the second intercostals space of the anterior midclavicular line. The purpose of any chest drainage system is to help reestablish normal vacuum pressures by removing air and fluid using a closed one-way method. Chest drainage systems are a one piece design containing three chambers. These chambers provide separate functions of fluid collection, water seal and suction control. |
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Term
| Lung Cancer rates with smoking cessation |
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Definition
| -lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. The person who has smoked one pack per day over 10 years is at increased risk for having lung cancer over a person who has smoked half a pack per day for 8 years. It would take 10 years of non smoking to equal non smoker risk. |
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Term
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Definition
| -SOB, typically pursed lip breathing |
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Term
| Tidal volume vs. expiratory reserve volume vs. minute volume vs. vital capacity |
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Definition
Tidal volume: amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath during normal breathing
Expiratory reverve volume: maximum amount of air exhaled forcefully after a normal exhalation
Minute volume: amount of air breathed per minute
Vital capacity: maximum amount of air exhaled after maximum inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
| -Respiratory strategies can be used to improve the patient’s breathing. Pt’s can use a flutter valve or a cappella divice to provide positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) to their lungs. PEEP decreaseds stroke volume and cardiac output. It is contraindicated in pt’s with pneumothorax or right sided failure. |
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Term
| Teaching for cor pulmonale |
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Definition
| Pt. should be instructed at discharge to call a health care provider when any of the following are noticed: a weight gain of 2 lbs in one day or 5 lbs in a week; increased swelling in the legs; respiratory infection or signs of infection; heart rate above 120 bpm; chest pain or pain that lessens with rest. |
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Term
| Asthma and asthma treatments(albuterol, serevent, theophylline) |
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Definition
-Ashtma is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by episodic exacerbations of acute inflammation of the airways. (exacerbations is a sudden increase in the seriousness of the disease with greater intensity in signs and symptoms)
-albuterol is the bronchodilator of choice because quick onset of action and beta 2 receptor selectivity.
-serevent should also be used for patients with moderate persistent or servere asthma in addition to inhaled corticosteroids.
-These patients should be in high fowlers position. |
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Term
| S/S of cystic fibrosis and transmission |
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Definition
-CF is an inherited autosomal recessive (both parents, 25% of their children), chronic progressive and frequently fatal disease of the body’ts exocrine mucus-productin glands that primarily affets the respiratory, digestive and intestinal systems and pancreas in children and young adults. These pt’s usually do not live past 31 years of age.
-Pulmonary signs of CF include a chronic or recurrent productive cough with sputum production, wheezing, dyspnea, recurrent infections, bronchiectasis, infiltrates and scarring on CXR. Phenumothorax and hemoptysis are common. Non pulmonary signs of CF include sinusitis, nasal polyps, clubbing, abdominal problems, gassiness, rectal prolapse, liver disease, diabetes, ect.
-Also these patiets will have grey bulky stool. |
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