Term
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Definition
-Difficult birth
-Predisposition: Brachycephalic, large litters, poor condition of Mom, oversized fetus, prolonged gestation, abnormalities.
-Stage 1: greater then 24 hr. w/out moving to stage 2.
-Stage 2: no delivery w/in 1-4 hrs./ labor not complete w/in 12-24 hrs.
-Fetal/maternal stress, stillbirth, fetus in birth canal over 5-10 min.
Treatment: Calcium Gluconate (increase contraction strength), Oxytocin (increase contraction frequency), assisted delivery/c-section |
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Term
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Definition
-Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia + baterial infection
-Intact female over 5 yr./recent heat 4-6 wk. post-estrus
-Signs: anorexia, lethargy, PU/PD, vulvar discharge (85%), normal rectal temp (60%), enlarged uterus, dehydration
Diagnosis: Ultrasound, xray
Treatment: Spay, fluids/antibiotics/meds to lyse corpus luteum& evacuate contents if breeding dog |
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Term
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Definition
-False pregnancy
-common in dogs not cats
-occurs @ end of diestrus when progesterone decreases and prolactin increases
S: Hyperplasia of mammary glands, lactation, nesting/"mothering" inanimate objects, wont eat
D: rule out pregnancy
T: spontaneous resolution in 1-3 wk., breed, spay |
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Term
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Definition
-Canine: 45% malignant, spay before 1st estrus decreases risk to .5%/ after 1st estrus 8%/ no diff. thereafter
-Feline: 90% malignant, spay early, tumors GT 4cm ~ 6month survival, LT 2cm tumor= GT 4yr. survival
-T: Surgical removal
-Sarcomas+ less survival time than carcinomas
-Piroxicam w/ inflammatory carcinomas |
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Term
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Definition
-testis not descended into scrotum (bilateral/unilateral)
-No treatment to make them descend
-Castrate to prevent neoplasia/torsion
-Infertile |
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Term
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Definition
-Canine: small breed, large litter, peak lactation. S: weak, ataxia, seizures, death. T: Calcium Gluconate IV SLOWLY ( or can STOP HEART) then per os. Prevention: no Ca supplements during pregnancy.
-Cows: acute parturition paresis, afebrile, flaccid paralysis of mature dairy cows, occurs at or soon after birth.
-Sheep/Goats: rapid devel. of hyperexcitablity&muscle tremors, paresis, depression, recumbancy, coma, death. Occurs before and after birth with few cases occuring on day of parturition. |
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Term
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) |
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Definition
-Most common prostatic disorder
-found in most intact male dogs GT 6yrs.
-S: absent, tenesmus, persistant or intermittent hematuria, hemorrhagic preputal discharge.
-D: PE/Hx findings, non-painful symmetrically enlarged prostate, xray for enlarged prostate/ ultrasound for cysts, definitive diag. only by biopsy
-T: castrate, med. therapy w/ finasteride for breeding dogs |
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Term
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Definition
-Small animal
-Prostate: TCC most common, adenocarcinomas.
-Testicular: leydig cell tumor, sertoli cell tumor*
-S: development of mammary glands in male, endocrine:alopecia
-T: castrate
-Equine: prepucial/penile squamous cell carcinoma, common in sunny areas. |
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Term
| Transmissable Venereal Tumor (TVT) |
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Definition
-cauliflower-like, nodular or multilobulated in appearence
-5mm- GT 10cm, firm, surface often inflammted/bleeds easily, TVT may be solitary or multiple and is almost always on the genitalia.
-spread from dog-dog w/ directs contact of mass
-D: cells on cytology
-T: spontaneous regression can occur, usually progressive, surgical excision, radiation, chemotherapy* (considered treatment of choice) |
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Term
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Definition
-inflammation of mammary gland
-most common in "professional lactators"
-most form ascending infections
-damage to teat sphincter (bad milking practices/trauma), bacteria (mycotic or algea from environment
-normal mammary gland resistance, antibacterial secretions, immunity: 50,000-100,000 phagocytes/ml of milk
-D: somatic cell counts, CMT (california mastitis test), causative agents must be identified by bacterial culture |
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Term
| Mastitis Causative Agents |
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Definition
-acute, gangrenous, chronic
-Streptococcus agalactiae: Staph
-Candida: mycotic mastitis
-mycoplasma: goats/sheep
-mycobacterium: TB in humans
-e. coli: gangrenous mastitis
-prototheca: algal mastitis
-bovine herpes mammillitis (BHV-2)
-contagious ecthyma: parapoxvirus sheep/goats |
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Term
| Retained Fetal Membranes (Retained Placenta) |
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Definition
-failure to expel fetal membranes w/in 24 hr. after parturition
-Normally occurs: bovine w/in 3-8 hr., equine w/in 3 hrs/delayed 8-12 hrs.
-incidence increases w/ abortion, twins, dystocia, age, nutrition, hypocalcemia, environmental.
-increased risk for: metritis, displaced abomasum, mastitis, ketosis, abortion & reoccurance of retained fetal membranes
-Metritis/peritonitis: laminitus may follow
-T: bovine untreated expels in 2-11 days, early antibiotics may delay release, systemically ill
-T: equine oxytocin 3-4 after birth, maual removal risks uterine damage or prolapse not recommended unless loose, prolonged retention: antimicrobials administered, NSAID therapy aimed at preventing laminitis |
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Term
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Definition
-most common in dairy/beef cows and ewes
-contributory causes: invagination tip of uterus, excessive traction to relieve dystocia, RFM, hypocalcemia, lack of excercise
-immediately after or w/in several hr. of parturition (cervix open, uterus lacks tone)
-T: remove placenta, clean thuroughly, repair lacerations, topical gycerol reduces edema/lubricates, replace uterus and instill warm sterile saline |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by bacteria of genus brucella
-characterized by ABORTION, RFM, orchitis/infection of accessory sex glands in males
-prevalent in most countries of world
-primarily affects cattle, buffalo, bison, pigs, sheep, gots, dogs, elk, and occasionally horses.
-B.canis cause of abortion in kenelled dogs
-transmition through ingestion of contaminated materials or venereal routes
-S: acute abortion in 3rd tri., stillbirths, failure to concieve, frequent&persists ~ 18 mth. after exposure
-D: isoation/identification of causative agent or by serology
-T: elimination/isolation of infected dogs, long-term antibiotic therapy (may be unsuccessful)
-B.canis= ZOONOTIC |
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Term
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Definition
-Type 1= lack of insulin production, decreased glucose utilization, increased glucose production.
-Heyperglycemia leads to glucosuria as tubular resorption is exceeded, diuresis follows
-S: PU/PD, polyphagia w/ weight loss, bilateral cataracts & weakness
-D: Urinalysis, chem. persistant fasting hypergylcemia and glycosuria
- look for drugs/diseases that predispose to DM like pancreatitis
-T: Insulin NPH, secondary infections, diet/feeding, control: routine monitoring, ketoacidosis |
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Term
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Definition
-Type 2: loss of function of pancreatic cells, insulin reistance, amyliodosis, chronic pancreatitis
-Risks: obesity, acromegaly, steroids
-S: Pu/PD, polyphagia w/ weight loss, sequale can include hepatic lipidosis secondary to fat mobilization
-D: measure serum fructosamine or BG @ home assists in diff. between stress induced hypergylcemia&DM
-T: secondary infections, diet-canned food, monitoring, subclinical (glipizide), clinical (insulin-Glargine, PZI) |
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Term
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Definition
-Central: reduced secretion of antidiuretic horomone (ADH), compression or destruction of hypothalamus
-Nephrogenic: target cells in kidneys lack machinery necessary to respond to the secretion of normal or increase circulating levels of ADH
-Clinical Findings: excretion of large volumes of hypotonic urine, drink equally lg. amts. of H2O.
-D: water deprivation test/ADH response test
-T:Desmopressin acetate-synthetic ADH |
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Term
| Hyperadrenocortism (Cushing's) |
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Definition
-Pituitary/adrenal dependant; latrogenic
-middle aged-old dogs
-S: PU/PD, polyphagia, abdominal distention, muscle wasting/weakness, lethargy, poor exercise intolerance, skin thinning, calinosis cutis, symmetrical alopecia
-D: urine cortisol:creatine ratio, ACTH, Low-dose Dexamthsone suppression (abnormal pituitary doesnt supress on its own)
-T: Mitotane, Trilostane, Ketoconazole, surgical adrenalectomy-very difficult |
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Term
| Hyperadrenocortism (Equine) |
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Definition
-pituitary dysfunction
-GT 20 yr. old
-S: heavy, waxy coat, failure to shed in summer, PU/PD, polyphagia, sway backed/pot bellied
-D: overnight dexamethasone suppression test, lac of suppression of cortisol
-T: pergolide mesylate (Permax) |
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Term
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Definition
-idiopathic hypoadrenocortical atrophy
-mitotane induced
-bilateral adrenalectomy; neoplasia
-Signalment: young-middle aged dogs, 70% are female; poodles, great dane, water dog
-S: crisis: shock-collapse, hypotension, bradycardia, hypothermia. Chronic: waxing/waning episodes of weakness&collapse, V/D, PU/PD, lethargy, weightloss |
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Term
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Definition
-D: nonstress leukogram in an ill dog, hyponatremia& hyperkalemia, ACTH
-T: crisis: stabalize, provide glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids (fludrocortisone acetate or desoxycorticosterone pivalate [DOCP]), glucocorticoids, monitir electrolytes |
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Term
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Definition
-excessive production of T4&T3
-most commone endocrine disorder of cats avg. 12-13 yr. old
-benign hyperplasia (adenoma)
-S: PU/PD, polyphagia, weight loss, diarrhea, palpable goiter, tachycarda, hyperactivity, heart murmur
-D: Thyroid profile (TT4/FT4)
-T: radioactive iodine therapy* (treatment of choice, destroys overactive thyroid tissue), thyroidectomy, oral theyapy (methimazole, best therapy if renal compromise)
-Hills y/d |
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Term
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Definition
-thyroid carcinoma (nonfunctional, invasive mass)
-S: visable neck mass, coughing, dyspnea, dysphagia, weight loss
-T: surgical removal, chemotherapy, post treat thyroxine |
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Term
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Definition
-gland cant respond (decrease in T4& neg. feedback to increase TSH
-causes: thyroid defect ( lymphocytic thyroiditis 50%, hereditary, no goiter, idiopathis follicular atrophy. Non-thyroid defect: trauma, mass, congenital.
-S: weight gain/obesity, lethargy/weakness, cold intolerance, heat seeking, dermatologic skin disorders 85%, tragic facial expression, bradycardia.
-D: Nonspecific chemistry, Low thyroid hormone **Rule out sick euthyroid vs. hypothyroidism, Thyroid panel= low thyroid hormone; TSH elevated.
-T: supplement thyroid hormone, monitor theraputic level. |
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Term
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Definition
-feline parvoviral enteritis
-highly contagious, often fatal, viral disease of cats; usually LT 1 yr. old
-very resistant, can live 1 yr. @ room temp
-transmission: shed in secretions/excretion for up to 6wks after recovery, transported long distances by fomites, cats infected ORONASALLY by exposure to animals, feces, secretions, fomites.
-*Infects/destroys actively dividing cells in bone marrow, lymph tissues, intestinal epithelium
-S: V/D, dehydration, shock
-D: leukopenia, clinical signs in unvacc. animal
-T: vigoris supportive care/isolation, vaccination, disinfect w/ bleach |
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Term
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Definition
-highly contagious common cause of acute GI infections in young dogs
-lives indoors @ room temp. for up to 2 mth., outdoors 5mth.
-6wk-6mth old dogs unvaccinated @ risk (rotts, pitts, dobe's, GSD, english springer spaniel)
-virus shed in first 4-5 of exposure, throughout, &10 days after recovery
-acquired through direct contact w/ contaminated feces, indirectly w/ fomites
-infects/destroys rapidly dividing cells of small intest. crypt epithelium, lymphopoietic tissue & bone marrow
-S: develop w/in 3-7 days of infection, lethargy, anorexia, fever, vomitting, hemorrhagic small-bowel diarrhea w/in 24-48 hr.
-D: ELISA detects antigen in feces, leukopenia,lymphopenia, neutropenia
-T: restore fluids, electrolytes% metabolic abnormalities& prevention of secondary bacterial infections, supportive, vaccinate, disinfect w/ BLEACH |
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Term
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Definition
-highly contagious, systemic, viral disease
-S: fever 3-6 d. after infection, leukopenia, serous nasal discharge, mucopurulent ocular discharge, lethargy, anorexia, GI& resp signs, secondary bacterial infection, hyperkeratosis of footpads and nasal planum, chronic distemper encephalits
-D: differential, immunoflourescent assay or PCR: smears of conjunctival, tracheal, vaginal or other epithelium
-T: symptomatic/supportive, fluids, control neurologic manifestation, limit secondary bacterial infections, vaccinations |
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Term
| Feline Infectious Peritonitis |
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Definition
-immune mediated disease triggered by infection w/ feline coronavirus (FCoV-specific antibodies present in 90% of cats in catteries & 50% in single cat households, only ~ 5% of FCoV cats develp FIP
-FCoV by injestion, replication in intestinal epithelium
-S: chronic weight loss, febrile, ADR, many organs ADR
-D: antibody titers, hyperglobulinemia, analyzing effusions, histopathology
-T: antibiotics, corticosteroids
-Prognosis very poor. |
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Term
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Definition
-bite transmission
-CNS/behavioral: prodromal, furious,paralytic stages
-no treatment
-vaccination
-zoonotic |
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