Term
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Definition
HYDROTHORAX
HYDROPERICARDIUM
HYDROPERITONEUM-ASCITES |
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Term
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Definition
| SECONDARY TO ISOLATED VENOUS OR LYMPHATIC OBSTRUCTION OR INFLAMMATION |
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Term
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Definition
HEART FAILURE
ANASARCA: WHEN SEVERVE SYSTEMIC ADEMA |
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Term
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Definition
INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE FORCES
DECREASED OSMOTIC PRESSURE
PRIMARY SODIUM RETENTION (BALANCED BY INCREASE IN TOTAL BODY H20)
LYMPHATIC OBSTRUCTION(USUALLY FROM TUMOR OR TRAUMA: LOCAL EDEMA) |
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Term
| INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE |
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Definition
| FLUID FORCED OUT OF VESSELS (CHF- MOST COMMON CAUSE OF SYSTEMIC EDEMA) |
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Term
| DECREASED OSMOTIC PRESSURE-DECREASE MOVEMENT OF FLUID INTO VESSELS |
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Definition
LOSS OF SERUM ALBUMIN:
ETIOLOGIES:
PROTEINURIA NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
DECREASED SYNTHESIS IN LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND PROTEIN MALNUTRITION |
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Term
PRIMARY SODIUM RETENTION:
INCREASED WATER RETENTION & DECREASED OSMOTIC PRESSURE:
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Definition
EXCESS WATER CONSUMPTION
RENAL DYSFUNTION:
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE AND POST STREPTOCOCCAL GLUMERULONEPHRITIS |
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Term
| LYMPHATIC OBSTRUCTION-BLOCKS REMOVAL OF INTERSTITIAL FLUID |
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Definition
USUALLY LOCALIZED
MOST OFTEN RELATED TO INFLAMMATORY OR NEOPLASTIC PROCESS |
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Term
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Definition
BEST RECOGNIZED GROSSLY,
MICROSCOPICALLY MANIFEST AS SUBTLE CELL SWELLING WITH SEPARATION OF THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX |
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Term
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Definition
.SUBCUTANEOUS
.OF SOLID ORGANS
.PULMONARY
.BRAIN
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Term
| .SUBCUTANEOUS EDEMA DIFFUSE TYPE |
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Definition
.DEPENDENT EDEMA
INFLUENCED BY GRAVITY: LEG W STANDING AND SACRUM W RECUMBENCY
.COMMON ETIOLOGIES: CHF AND HYPOPROTEINEMIA (MORE SEVERE, EDEMA IN LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE, Eg, eyelids (periorbital edema) |
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Term
| EDEMA SUBCUTANEOUS LOCALIZED TYPE |
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Definition
| PRIMARILY AT SITE OF INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE, LYMPHATIC OBSTRUCTION, OR INFLAMED REGION |
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Term
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Definition
INCREASE IN SIZE AND WEIGHT
SEPARATION OF PARENCHYMAL ELEMENTS |
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Term
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Definition
-LUNG 2-3X NORMAL WEIGHT
-FROTHY, BLOOD TINGED MIXTURE OF AIR, EDEMA FLUID AND ERYTHROCYTES
-ETIOLOGY: .LEFT VENTRICULAR FAILURE, ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, INFECTIONS, HYPERSENSITIVITY RXN
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
. ENCEPHALITIS, HYPERTENSIVE CRISES, OBSTRUCTION TO VENOUS OUTFLOW
.GROSSLY SWOLLEN WITH NARROWED SULCI & DISTENDED GYRI FLATENED AGAINST THE SKULL |
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Term
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Definition
| BOTH MEAN INCREASED VOLUME OF BLOOD IN PARTICULAR SITE, DIFFER BY MECHANISM |
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Term
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Definition
| ACTIVE PROCESS W AUGMENTED BLOOD INFLOW CAUSED BY ARTERIOLAR DILATION: SKELETAL MUSCL DURING EXERCISE OR AT SITES OF INFLAMMATION, TISSUE REDDER THAN NORMAL |
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Term
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Definition
PASSIVE PROCESS CAUSED BY IMPAIRED OUTFLOW FROM A TISSUE: ISOLATED VENOUS OBSTRUCTION W LOCAL CONGESTION, SYSTEMIC OBSTRUCTION LEADING TO GENERALIZED CONGESTION (CHF),
TISSUES ARE BLUE-RED (CYANOTIC),
LONG STANDING STASIS OF DEOXYGENATED BLOOD CAN RESULT IN HYPOXIA SEVERE ENOUGH TO CAUSE CELL DEATH |
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Term
| ACUTE HEPEREMIA AND CONGESTION MORPHOLOGY |
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Definition
VESSEL DISTENDED AND ORGANS GROSSLY HYPEREMIC
. INTERSTITIAL EDEMA ASSOCIATED W CAPILLARY BED CONGESTION |
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Term
| CHRONIC HEPEREMIA AND CONGESTION MORPHOLOGY |
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Definition
.CAPILLARY RUPTURE W HEMORRHAGE: LEAVES RESIDUE OF
HEMOSIDERIN-LADEN MACROPHAGES
.PARENCHYMAL CELL ATROPHY AND SCARRING
.TISSUE BROWN W CONTRACTION & FIBROSIS
. COMMONLY AFFECTED ORGANS: LUNGS AND LIVER |
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Term
| LUNG HYPEREMIA & CONGESTION |
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Definition
.S/P MI, CARDIOMYOPATHY, MITRAL VALVE DISEASE,
.ACUTE: ENGORGED CAPILLARIES & SEPTA EDEMA W TRANSUDATE IN AIR SPACES
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Term
| LUNG HYPEREMIA & CONGESTION CHRONIC |
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Definition
| HEART FAILURE CELLS (HEMOSIDERIN LADEN MACROPHAGES), EDEMATOUS TO FIBROTIC SEPTA (BROWN INDURATION) |
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Term
| LIVER HYPEREMIA & CONGESTION |
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Definition
| S/P RIGHT HEART FAILURE >>HEPATIC VEIN OR SUPERIOR VENA CAVA OBSTRUCTION |
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Term
| ACUTE LIVER HYPEREMIA & CONGESTION |
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Definition
| DISTENTION OF CENTRAL VEIN & SINUSOIDS, +/- CENTRAL HEPATOCYTE NECROSIS |
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Term
| CHRONIC LIVER HYPEREMIA & CONGESTION |
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Definition
| . NUTMEG LIVER (CENTRAL REGIONS OF THE HEPATIC LOBULES GROSSLY RED-BROWN AND SLIGHTLY DEPRESS (LOSS OF CELLS)-RELATIVE TO SURROUNDING TISSUE |
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Term
| CHRONIC LIVER HYPEREMIA & CONGESTION |
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Definition
| MICROSCOPICALLY HAVE CENTRILOBULAR NECROSIS W HEPATOCYTE DROP OUT & HEMORRHAGE, HEPATIC FIBROSIS (CARDIAC FIBROSIS), CIRCULATION BASED |
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Term
| SPLEEN HYPEREMIA & CONGESTION |
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Definition
| RESPONSE TO SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION (I.E. INFECTION) |
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Term
| SLEEN HYPEREMIA & CONGESTION |
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Definition
| CONNECTED TO THE PORTAL VENOUS SYSTEM PROXIMALAD TO THE LIVER |
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Term
| SLEEN HYPEREMIA & CONGESTION |
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Definition
| WITH HEPATIC CONGESTION (FROM CHF) OR INTRAHEPATIC OBSTRUCTION (CIRRHOSIS), THERE IS A INCREASED SPLENIC VEIN PRESSURE AND CONGESITON |
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Term
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Definition
EXTRAVASATION OF BLOOD WITH RED BLOOD CELLS BECAUSE
.VESSLE RUPTURE: VASCULAR INJURY >>TRAUMA, ATHEROSLEROSIS, EROSION (INFLAMMATORY OR NEOPLATIC) |
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Term
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Definition
EXTRAVASATION OF BLOOD WITH RED BLOOD CELLS B/C
.CAPILLARY BLEEDING, CONGESTION
.HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS (CLOTTING DEFICIENCY): TENDENCY TO HEMORRHAGE W/O SIGNIFICANT INJURY. |
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Term
| HEMORRHAGE GROUPED ACCORDING TO SIZE: |
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Definition
PETECHIAE: 1-2mm:
.SKIN, MUCOUS MEMBRANES, SERORA
.INCREASED INTRAVASCULAR PRESSURE, LOW PLETELES, DEFECTS IN CLOTTING |
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Term
| HEMORRHAGE GROUPED ACCORDING TO SIZE: |
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Definition
PURPURA: >/=3 mm:
. same as above +trauma, local vascular inflammation, increased vascular fragility |
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Term
| HEMORRHAGE GROUPED ACCORDING TO SIZE: |
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Definition
ECCHYMOSES: (>1-2 cm):
.subcutaneous/bruises
.trauma, may be exacerbated by the above
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Term
| HEMORRHAGE GROUPED ACCORDING TO SIZE: |
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Definition
large accumulations in body cavities:
hemothorax, hemopericardium, hemarthrosis |
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Term
| what organism cause meningitis in adolescent? |
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Definition
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Term
| what organism cause meningtis in neonates? |
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Definition
| E. coli, group B strep, S. pneumonia, and listeria monocytogenesis |
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Term
| What is suppurative meningitis? |
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Definition
| a thick layer of suppurative exudate covers the brain stem and cerebellum and thickens the leptomeninges |
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Term
| Which organism are most common offendong organism identified in nonimmunosuppressed populations? |
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Definition
Strepto and staph
with increase everything but no change in glucose content |
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Term
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Definition
tertiary stage of syphillis and occurs in only about 10% of patients with untreated infection
HIV patients are at increased risk of neurosyphillis development |
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Term
| What is the characteristic of neurosyphyllis? |
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Definition
| syphillitic arteriris in association with meningitis and cerebral gummas (plasma cell-rich mass lesions) |
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Term
| WHat is the charateristics of neurosyphyllis? |
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Definition
Tabes dorsalis: impaired joint position sense (locomotor ataxia); loss pain sensation (charcot joints); characteristic lightning pains, and absence of deep tendon reflexes
General paresis: insidious but progressive loss of mental and physical functions with mood alterations (including delusions of granduer), terminating in severe dementia (general parasis of the insane) |
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Term
| What are the route that viral can infect the CNS? |
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Definition
invades both neural and meningeal areas
occur via an insect bite , gastrointestinal route (poliomyelitis),
or via the skin or mucosa herpes
Infection may reach CNS alternatively via peripheral nerves (rabies) or by hemaogenous spread |
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Term
| What are the characteristic microspoic finding inviral encephalitis? |
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Definition
| perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes A and microglial nodules |
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Term
| What are acut herpes encephalitis? |
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Definition
grossly: extensive destruction of inferior frontal and anterior temporal lobes
Necrotizing inflammatory process and intranuclear inclusions (cowdry type A) |
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Term
| What herpes encephalitis occurs most commonly in children and young adults, subacute course with clinical manifestations (weakness, lethargy, ataxia, seizures) that evolve during prolonged period |
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Definition
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Term
| What acute herpes encephalitis manifests in adults as a meningitis, developed in 50% of neonate born by vaginal delivery transplacental transmission to women with active primary HSV geniral infections |
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Definition
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Term
| What is infection of CNS associated with Negri Body (located within purkinje cell in figure0 |
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Definition
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Term
What organism associate with CNS as follow?
occurs in fetuses and immunosupressed individual
Periventricular necrosis that produces severe brain destruction followed later by microcephaly with periventricular Calcificaitons
Intracytoplasmic Inclusion (gianted cells) |
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Definition
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Term
| If a patient with AIDS has neurologic symptoms, multiple ring-enhancing leasions, associated with CAT, from mother to the babies what organism must be considered? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is relapsing-remitting course of bilateral optic neuritis and prominent spinal cord involvement, associate with irregular shaped plaques? |
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Definition
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Term
| What krabbe's disease associated with, myelin cerebroside is defective, inborn errors of metabolism which the formation myelin or its compositions is abnormal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease associated with involved upper and lower neurons of brainstem and spinal cord, weakness and atrophy of various muscle groups, outcome fatal due to respiratory paralysis, most severe in the cervical cord? |
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Definition
| Amaotrophic Lateral Slerosis |
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Term
| What degeneration of lower motor neurons of the spinalcord and medullar, respiratory insufficiency and superimposed of infection usually are the causes of death? |
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Definition
| Werdnig-hoffmann disease (infantile spinal muscular atrophy) |
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Term
| What disease associate with the development of an abnormal cavity in the center of spinal cord tissue, unknown cause, Classic sign="dissociated sensory impairment" |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease associate with Lewy bodies, pallor of the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease associate with prion, fatal dementia caused by a virus-like agent, very short and lack growth hormone, prion disease, don't eat animal brain? |
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Definition
| WhatCreutzfeld-jakob disease |
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Term
| What associate with alpha and beta neuritic senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid angipathy? |
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Definition
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Term
| what disease associate with pick's diseaese? |
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Definition
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Term
| What associate with well-differentiated fibrillary astrocytomas? |
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Definition
Glioma, astrocytoma
oligodendrogliomas
Ependymomas |
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Term
| What associate with necrosis and vascular endothelial cell proliferation, fast proliferate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What associate with Fied egg and slow growth tumor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What associate with pseudorosette, age 3-4 and blepharoplasts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What assiociate with gangliocytoma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is cerebellar and happen in children, radiosensitive, cerebellar folia, leptomenignis, Blue cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is benign tumor, syncytial, fibroblastic, transitional, psammomatous palliary like growth with calcificaiton, secretory, microcystic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What associate with cerebellopontine angle, NF2-gene on chromosome 22, cellular antoni A and myxoid regions antoni B? |
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Definition
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