Term
|
Definition
-congenital abnormality
-can cause mechanical destruction
-cause of cholestatic disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neonatial dx
-initially bilirubin is normal, then progessive inc in bile
-quickly lead to cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of glandular carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause of jaundice and excruciating pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may come about from chronic infection |
|
|
Term
| primary sclerosing cholangitis |
|
Definition
large duct dx
assoc with ulcerative colitis and chrons ds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
assoc with oral contraceptives
-may bleed and rupture capsule
-can cause death if not treated appro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non cirrotic liver
-peripheral vs central
-bile ducts from liv to small intes blocked
-jaundiice, itching,
-PSC assoc w ul colitis is a risk factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fat necrosis--> white cheesy material surr by hyperemic ring
-neutrophils
-lipasee cleaves triglycerides
-fat sappon
-ROH is cause
-block pan duct
-hypotensioin
-can get thrombosis and cysts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibrosis of pan
-acinar atrophy
-rel preservation of sites
-chron inflamm
-islet cells rel resistant |
|
|
Term
| chronic calcific pancreatitis |
|
Definition
calcified protein secretion
-leads to atrophy of acinar compartments
-usu w ROH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exocine tumor
-rare
-def malig potential
-genetics diff from ductal adenocarcinoma
-do not has kRAS and p53 mutations |
|
|
Term
| pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
-most common malig pan tumor
-most in pan head
-painless jaundice
-whipple op procedure
-bad prognosis
-deriv from neoplastic transformation of pan epithelium
-dysplasis cacinoma sequence
-inherited syndromes: peutz jeghers and HNPC |
|
|
Term
| mucinous cystic neoplasias |
|
Definition
multicystic complexity
-dysplastic mucinous epithelial lining
-definite malig pot
-prog dictated by presense or absence of invasion*
-can undergo dysplasia
-precursor to neoplasitc caricnoma |
|
|
Term
| serous microcystic adenoma |
|
Definition
99.9% benign
-come from mutation of VHL
-body and tail
-female predil, age 66
cuboidal epithelium |
|
|
Term
| solid cystic psedopapillary tumor |
|
Definition
f>M
-aa
-reproductive age
-no malig pot
-epithelial and endocrine differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the bronchioles and secrete materials to keep the lung lubricated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
incomplete expansion of the lung or collapse of expanded lung
-compromises oxygenation and it makes the individual susceptible to infection.
-anything that prevents the development of negative pressure in the lung is going to lead to atelectasis. Or anything that will prevent air exchange or prevent conduction of air into a lung will lead to atelectasis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-arises because of obstruction due to tumor, foreign body, or blood clot that may form during surgery.
-* Because you’re not breathing in as much air as you would normally, the air inside the lung gets resorbed
*REVERSIBLE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arises when one gets injured in a in a car accident or knife wound into the lung, that prevents developing negative pressure in the lung.
-due to air (knife wound or steering wheel)- pneumothorax
-due to blood: hemothorax
-transudate fluid accum from <3 failhydrothorax
-infection exudate- emphema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alveoli have undergone fibrosis and contract, and thus there is not sufficient lung surface for air exchange.
*IRREVERSIBLE because normal lung parenchyma is replaced by fibrous connective tissue, you can’t get it back. It’s like chronic inflammation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forced inhalation as much as possilby can. most ppl its 5L |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forced expirative volume in one second. The volume for air that you breathe out in one second is around 4 liters.
- In a normal lung with no obstructive |
|
|
Term
| normal FELV1/FVC vs abnormal vs restrictive dx |
|
Definition
80% if no obstructive lung problem
-in obstructive the FVC remains the same but time is longer so the FEV1 is less like 20%
-in restrictive the FVC is less bc surface fibers on alveoli change from elastin to collagen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : involves the central part of the acinus, associated with smoking, 20 times more prevalent than panacinar, upper lobes most affected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involves the whole acinus, genetic disease
- Acinus: terminal bronchiole, dividing into respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, and alveoli.
- Mechanism of emphysema not totally understood. Maybe protease/ antiprotease and oxidant/ anti-oxidant system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in chronic bronchitis
permanent dilation of one or more bronchi due to destruction of the muscle and elastic supporting tissue.
-Elastic fibers have undergone destruction and muscles fibers are no able to keep the bronchioles to their small size, so they become distended. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extrinsic- from infections, irritation, breathing in cold air, drugs,
-immed hypersensitivty- occurs mostly in childhood- type 1 hypersensitivity
-sensitization takes place, but you’re not responding. So when you’re exposed again, the allergen now cross links the IgE receptor that is generated here that is present on the surface of mast cells. And these mast cells release histamine and other mediators that constrict the smooth muscle, and one of the TH2 cytokines, IL-13, and what IL-13 does is it produces mucous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-neoplastic reaction to a dust, ex: silicosis (breathe in silica particles, macrophages become activated, bring in fibroblasts, fibroblasts produce collagen.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extrinsic- from infections, irritation, breathing in cold air, drugs,
-immed hypersensitivty- occurs mostly in childhood- type 1 hypersensitivity
-sensitization takes place, but you’re not responding. So when you’re exposed again, the allergen now cross links the IgE receptor that is generated here that is present on the surface of mast cells. And these mast cells release histamine and other mediators that constrict the smooth muscle, and one of the TH2 cytokines, IL-13, and what IL-13 does is it produces mucous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-neoplastic reaction to a dust, ex: silicosis.
- Silicosis: breathe in silica particles, macrophages become activated, bring in fibroblasts, fibroblasts produce collagen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Lobar- involves 1 or more lobes or a whole lobe, and there are no patches of inflammation. Initially have acute inflammation with a vascular response. Red hepatization where you have the lung that feels more solid because of red blood cells coming in, and also because of fibrin. And gray hepatization is when the red blood cells resorb, and the fibrin is left there.
2. Bronchopneumonia- starts as a bronchial infection and becomes an infection in the parenchyma with patches of inflammation.
3. Interstitial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
delayed type hypersensitivity
-chronic inflamm of lung
-- Primary disease is when somebody is exposed to the Tb mycobacterium and they haven’t been previously infected. 95% of this population will not develop Tb, even though they have been exposed, they will not develop Tb unless they have HIV or are immunosuppressed.
- Secondary Tb develops many years after the primary infection in people who have been previously exposed. But immunity to Tb limits the spread but the damage is due to hypersensitivity. The mycobacterium that causes tuberculosis does not have a toxin or enzyme, but it is the response to this bacteria by macrophages and by T cells that leads to production of mediators that cause tissue damage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
delayed type hypersensitivity
-chronic inflamm of lung
-- Primary disease is when somebody is exposed to the Tb mycobacterium and they haven’t been previously infected. 95% of this population will not develop Tb, even though they have been exposed, they will not develop Tb unless they have HIV or are immunosuppressed.
- Secondary Tb develops many years after the primary infection in people who have been previously exposed. But immunity to Tb limits the spread but the damage is due to hypersensitivity. The mycobacterium that causes tuberculosis does not have a toxin or enzyme, but it is the response to this bacteria by macrophages and by T cells that leads to production of mediators that cause tissue damage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in art or venule, if u have de flow bc of obstruction or heart failure there will be back pressure. sterlings law says that in order to make quilibrium there is hydrostatis pressure forcing fluid out and osmotic pressure forcing fluid in, and lymph draining taking fluid in. if chronic obstruction, there is is back pressure and fluid accumulares. fluid is transudate and u see heart failure cells when macrophages develop hemosiderin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
95% from thrombi in deep leg veins of lower legs.
-deel leg vein goes up to block pulmonary artery- saddle embolus, instant death due to right sided heart failure
- 5 to 10% of the emboli cause sudden death. 60 to 90% of them are clinically silent because maybe they’re small in size, and maybe because they dissolve. About 10 to 20 % lead to hemorrhage and infraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if emboli blocks artery, increase pressure, some blood vessels lyse and they release blood cell contents, and you get the hemosiderin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
emboli can lead to infarction
-rare in lung due to dual blood supply.
-red infarct bc of the dual blood supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pulm blood supply is a low pressure, high capacity system. the BP is 10 or 20mmHg. it it inc to 35/15 it is pulm hypertension could be secondary bc of thromboembolism.
-could be bc of lung fibrosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cigs, asbestos, abnorm in p53, Myc and Ras |
|
|
Term
| giant follicular lymphoma |
|
Definition
| cells dont metasize but just dont die. not virulent but lymph node gets huge cause b cells accumulating and in about 20 yrs pt will die. |
|
|
Term
| route of hematogenous spread |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
carcinomas spread by
sarcomas spread by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HC oil spilled on arms, legs and gave cancer to the workers ie parafinn |
|
|
Term
| Radium Dial Painter’s Cancer |
|
Definition
| radium was a component of luminous paint applied to watch dials by hand using a fine brush. It was a habit of workers to lick the brushes to keep a fine point. Because of the radioactivity of the radium, workers developed cancers of lips/mouths/bones.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mesothelioma and lung cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Damaged tissue in addition to the application of a carcinogen led to an increased incidence of carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Inject a strain of Salmonella with mutation that did not allow a production of histidine.
2. Extract liver from the infected mouse and grind it.
3. Carcinogen applied to the mix of liver enzyme → liver enzymes can provide histidine and convert the bacteria into histidine positive → bacteria can now grow in a plate.
* the growth of bacteria in the plate proved that the carcinogen applied was mutagenic to bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angiosarcoma of the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High-level aflatoxin exposure produces an acute hepatic necrosis, resulting later in cirrhosis, and/or carcinoma of the liver. |
|
|
Term
| Progeny of those exposed to atomic bombs |
|
Definition
leukemia and lymphoma
also increased incidence of myeloma (tumor of bone), lung, breast, thyroid, stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased incidence of leukemia in children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
: problems dealing w/ UV so defect in NER system
o UV causes formation of T dimers rather than bind to opposing A
o Stay indoors all day (Children of the Moon camp)
o Multiple squamous cell carcinoma
• When exposed to UV unable to repair so multiple skin tumors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| problem with sunlight but not cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell free filtrate from tumor inject into hen, get sarcoma. filtrate contained RSV- ACUTE transforming virus. becomes a tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has 3 genes. no SRC and no signs for 4-6wks then develop lymphoma. o Causes tumor by insertional mutagenesis
o Randomly integrates into chicken genome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| burkitts lymphoma, oral hairy leuoplakia and 100% of nasopharyngeal carcinomas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A human (cellular) proto-oncogene that codes for proteins that regulate cell division and growth. If these proteins lose their regulation or are over-expressed, they become oncogenic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| translocation Abl 9 to bcr 22 and fuse at 22 abl-bcr. assoc with CML |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fastest growing solid tumor. EBV assoc. histo is starry night. TL from 8 (myc) to 14 (immunoglobulin heavy chain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inc # copies of a gene. homogenous staining regions (HSRs), double minute chromosome, N-myc gene. Neuroblastoma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carcinogenesis is a 2 step process- need combo of 2 or more oncogenes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sporadic- always unilateral, 60% of total and peaks at 7yrs.
famililial- autosomal dominant, most are bilateral, peaks at age 4
knudson 2 hit hypothesis
- familial form already had one defective gene (rb) – develops early, in multiples
- sporadic form has two good genes – develops later, solitary |
|
|
Term
| hereditary colorectal cancer |
|
Definition
majority have sporadic form.
colon cancer- APC protein defect. apc interacts with armadillo and b catenin and cells cannot stop dividing.
FAP- gatekeeper defect. 95% get cancer. multiple polypys, easy for one to become tumor
HNPCC- caretaker defect. 70% get cancer. only one polyp. develop on right side, prox portion of colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Might be variant of FAP
o Both gene (Gardner and FAP) maps to chromosome 5
• Soft tissue tumor of skin
• GI polyps
• Constricts colon/intestine
• Osteoma @ mandible/jaw- but this is rare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defect in p53, abnormality of gate keeper. autosomal dominant. Persons with LFS are at risk for a wide range of malignancies, with particularly high occurrences of breast cancer, brain tumors, acute leukemia, soft tissue sarcomas, bone sarcomas, and adrenal cortical carcinoma. |
|
|
Term
| sentinal node for oral cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| misnomer, not from a basal cell. does not metastasize, locally agressive, from UV radiation, usu in upper 2/3 of face. has central area of ulceration, cratering and rounding of margin. |
|
|
Term
| cancer of the maxillary sinus |
|
Definition
• If cancer arise anterior to Ohngren’s Line, has better prognosis
• Posterior to Ohngren’s line, can get up into the brain
• Ohngren’s line runs from Nasion to Gonion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Exophytic, slow growing
• Grows out instead of invading down for a time
• Pakiderma oris- elephant mouth
o Forerunner to verrucous’ carcinoma
o If stop at this stage, gets regression
o If not stopped, get exophytic mass that doesn’t go away = verrucous’ carcinoma
• Protracted course to metastasis then squamous cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opsonization and regulation of b cell function |
|
|
Term
inc vasodilation and permeability
• Stimulation of lysosomal release – degranulation of mast cells and basophils causing release of histamine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Immature DC’s found at points of microbial entry (under epithelial tissue in the intersitia of all tissues)
• Mature DC’s are present in T-cell zones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in spleen and lymph nodes (at entry point of nodes, take in the antigens and present to lymphocytes), have receptors for Fc region of IgG and complement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(heterodimer with beta microglobulin
o Found on all nucleated cells and platelets
HLA A,B,C and on every cell
o Bind peptides derived from proteins synthesized in (endogenous) cells (ex. viral protein, tumor)
o Required for CD8 cells (cytotoxic lymphocyte activation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(heterodimer)
o Found on macrophages/dendritic cells (antigen presenting cells)
o Bind peptides from exogenous proteins (antigens from phagocytosis) that are first internalized (phagocytized) and processed (then presented on cell surface bound to MHC II)
required for CD4 activation
HLA D and only on certain types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CD4 cell
produce cytokines that drive cellular immunity or DTH (activates the macrophages) – produce gamma interferon that activates macrophages and stimulates B cells to produce Ab that activate complement and coat microbes for phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cd4 cell
produces cytokines that drive humoral immunity (activates the B-cells) and cause class switching – produce IL-4, IL-5 – defense reactions are dominated by eosionophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
front line effector cells
no TCR
10-15% blood lymphocytes
innate defense so not ag specific
cytotoxic via antibody (ADCC) and also via direct contact
*have lots of Fc gamma RIII receptors that act like IgG receptor and recognize stuff already bound to Ab |
|
|
Term
| T cells with gamma and delta receptors |
|
Definition
reconize nonprotein molecules, , lipoglycans, lipids, no requirement for MHC
• Do NOT express CD4 or CD8
• Found at epithelial and mucosal (GI, Lung) surfaces (see text)
• May serve as sentinels that protect against microbes – especially in the oral cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lysosomal storage dx, auto recess. Cerebrosides, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lysosomal storage, auto recess, gangliosides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lysosomal storage dx, auto recess, mucopolysaccharide metabolism products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lysosomal storage disease, auto recess, Accumulation of sphingomyelin from deficiency sphingomyelinase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lysosomal storage dx, X LINKED, Deficiency alpha galactosidase |
|
|
Term
| Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Huntingdon, type II diabetes |
|
Definition
| Accumulation of misfolded proteins causes ER stress and will induce apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Filiarisis parasitic infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
L side heart failure
increased pressure causes retrograde flow into capillaries and congestion
Perivascular and interstitial transudate, alveolar septal edema, and intraalveolar edema, heart failure cells - hemosidderin containing macrophages from digestion of RBC's which leak out from increased pressure |
|
|
Term
| cyclic neutropenia (cyclic hematopoesis) |
|
Definition
2-6 days of 21 days your pmns are <500
Mutation Neutrophila elastase gene (ELA2) resulting in arrested development neutrophils at promyelocyte (or myelocytye) stage, premature apoptosis of myeloid precursor cells, Diagnosis less than 500/mm3 for 3-5 days during 3 consecutive cycles
-recurrent fever, malaise, stomatitis, cellulitis, ulcers,
-gets better second decade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neutrophils lack NADPH oxidase and form minimal amounts of h202
Defecient generation ROS, activated microbes surrounded by macrophages (granuloma), Patients susceptible to infection, especially by catalase-positive bacteria (destroys small amount of h202 actually formed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetic, auto recess
Disorganized tafficing organelles prevents formation phagolysosome, impairs secretion lytic secretory granules by cytotoxic T lymphocytes
photophobia, gingivitis, periodontitis |
|
|
Term
| myeloperoxidase deficincy |
|
Definition
Absence of MPO-H2O2 system
-cannot generate HOCL which is most important ROS |
|
|
Term
| bacteria that cause middle ear infection |
|
Definition
| S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. cattarrhalis cause ottitis media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone marrow cells destroyed by lymphocytes. causes neutropenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| b12 deficiency, causes neutropenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common cause of neutropenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| congenital cause of agranulocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dec blood flow causes necrosis and delayed healing.(bedsores) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-varicose veins lead to improper drainage.
-abundant granulation tissue found at ulcer base
plasma leaks into interstitial tissue. edema and hypoxic
-painless (unlike arterial) but will not heal on their own. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excessive formation of granulation tissue. silver nitrate cauterization or surgical removal. Sometimes occurs in healing wounds and will
delay or inhibit epitheliazation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to keloid but will flatten and regress spontaneously and never go out of initial wound area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Untimely opening, bursting, or rupture or wound |
|
|
Term
| alveolar osteitis (dry socket, fibrinolytic alveolitis) |
|
Definition
destruction of initial clost preventing appropriate healing.
Clot lost secondary to plasminogen conversion to plasmin with subsequent lysis of fibrin and formation of kinins (potent pain mediators), local trauma, estrogens, and bacterial pyrogens stimulate fibrinolysins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exotoxin causes skin rash
-gram + pyogenic cocci
-beta hemolytic if it can lyse blood cells.
-streptokinase activate TPA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Superficial infection, strep pyogenes or Staph Aurueus (bullous), usually needs to get in via damaged skin
-brown honey colored crusts
-pruritis, painful, lymadenopathy, cellulitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
st anthonys fire
-group A beta hemolytic
-Cheeks, nose, eyelid "Butterfly Lesion" like lupuis erythematosus, Peau d-orange
-skin lesion like orange peel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ghon complex, langerhans cell, central casseous necrosis, miliary tb, vaccine in europe not here.
type 4 DTH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pott's disease. thoracic and lumber vertebrae followed by knee and hip. extensive necrosis with compressed fractures (kyphosis), psoas "cold" absess |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TB lymphadenitis of cervical lymph nodes, can get signif casseous necrosis and chronic draining fistulas. |
|
|
Term
| collapse of bridge of nose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deposition of sodium monourate crystals in joints
-first metaphalangeal joint most affected (big toe)
-chalky mass known as topus- uric acid in the soft tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No central caseous necrosis, Erythematous macules on hard palate and erythematous macules with central hyperkeratosis of lower labial mucosa, Heerfordt's syndrome: parotid enlargement, facila nerve palsy, uveitis, fever, Lofgren's syndrome: erythema nodosum, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, arthralgia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transmural inflammation
Oral lesions with focal aggregates of small lymphocytes and irregular perivascular mononuclear cells, changes in corium comprise edema, irregular fibrosis, and dialated lymphatics, non caseating granulomas, orofacial involvement common with facial or labial swelling and submucosal thickening, 20% oral ulceration, cobblestone pattern of buccal mucosa, swelling one or both lips, gingiva erythematous, linear ulcerations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bilateral involvement posterior mandible creates cubby cheeks, Round face, broad cheeks, hypertelorism, enlarged submandibular lymph nodes, perivascular eosinophilia
-face returns to normal by 4th decade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Focal ischemia, medial thickening, hyaline arteriolosclerosis
orange peel surface |
|
|
Term
| malignant nephrosclerosis |
|
Definition
Hyalin and hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, necrotizing arteriolitis
-proteinuria and hematuria if progress to failure and has pinpoint petechial hemorrhages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type III hypersensitivity, Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, 1-4 weeks after impetigo or strep throat |
|
|
Term
| membranous glomerulopathy |
|
Definition
Thickening of glomerular basement membrane, lumpy bumpy immunoflourescece, electron dense deposits in glomerular basement membrane
Most common cause nephrotic syndrome, Autoimmune complex formation, antibodies react to glomerular antigens, C5b-C9 causes activation of glomerula epithelial and mesangial cells liberating proteases and oxidants which cause capillary wall injury and protein leakage
corticosteroids ineffective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most common childhood nephrotic syndrome, effacement of epithelial foot processes, Suggested T-cell defect and Nephrin synthesis changes can affect formation of slit diaphragms
Normal appearing glomeruli in light microscopy, in electron microscopy can flattened appearance of continuity from effacement of foot processes
corticosteroid and immunosupps are effective |
|
|
Term
| radidly progressive glomerulonephritis (crescentic glomerulonephritis) |
|
Definition
| Rapid and progressive loss of renal function, hematuria, cellular casts, oliguria and azotemia at end stage, Kidney enlarged, pale, petechial hemorrhages, focal necrosis, Histo - diffuse crescents lining bowmans capsule from parietal epithelial proliferation caused by fibrin leakage |
|
|
Term
| most common congenital malformation |
|
Definition
left to right shunts-
ventricular septal defects is most common at work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uterine life blood flow from pulmonary artery to aorta to bypass unoxygenated lungs, at birth constricts due to arterial oxygenation, decreased vascular resistance, decreased PGE2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ringworm- dermatophytosis
Erythematous annular scaling plaque, "ringworm", Hallmark is neutrophils in stratum corneum
KOH stain for diagnosis, septate hyphae in stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epithelial hyperplasia from the pox virus
Multiple smooth surface pink papules, dome shaped with central dell
Bloated keratinocyes with basophillic viral inclusions (Henderson-Paterson bodies), if multiple on face should think HIV |
|
|
Term
| North American blastomycosis |
|
Definition
deep fungal infection
Verrucous or ulcerated nodules, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, granulomatous inflammation, 3 forms: primary cutaneous, pulmonary, systemic
looks like SCC, granular cell tumor, other deep infections, halogenodermas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vesicles and pustules rupture, thick yellow crusts, subcorneal neutrophils
acute glomerulonephritis
strep and staph. preschool children and epidemcs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Benign proliferation of basal cells, lesion of adults, Verrucous plaques with "stuck on apperance" |
|
|
Term
| Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra |
|
Definition
| Seborrheic keratosis common in blacks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Like seborrheic keratosis but linear or in a line, clue to distinguish is that occurs in young |
|
|
Term
| Nevus Sebaceus of Jadassohn |
|
Definition
Yellow hairless plaque on face or scalp, present at birth, epidermal hyperplasia, poorly formed hair follicles
Usually removed prophylactically because can develop skin cancer in them (BCC, SCC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sharply demarcated red plaques, silvery scale, pinpoint bleeding (like verruca), Histo - acanthosis of epidermis, parakeratosis with neutrophils in stratum corneum, loss of granular cell layer, dialated vessels in dermal papillae |
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Term
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Definition
type 4 immuno
Spongiosis, epidermal acanthosis (thickening), mixed inflammation (many eosinophils), parakeratosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Erythematous scaly greasy patches, middle of body distribution, seborrheic distribution medial eyebrows, nasolabial folds, chin, mid chest, scalp, ears |
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Term
| Glucose-6- phosphodiesterase deficiency |
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Definition
G6PD is enzyme in hexose monophosphate shunt that produces GSH (needed for protection form oxidants), can protect against malaria, on X chromosome
No symptoms until exposed to oxidative stress (antimalarials, sulfonamides, aspirin infections), A mutation shorter life than RBC hemolytic, Mediterranean mutation lower activity throughout life and hemolytic crisis disasterous |
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Term
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria |
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Definition
Mutation in PIGA gene causes RBC sensitive to complememnt lysis, Acquired membrane defect secondary to mutation that alters myeloid stem cells, deficiency CD 55 and 59, X-linked
Positive sucrose lysis test, acute leukemia transformation |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of salivary glands, increased pain around eating, one of the most common causes is recent surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| mucocele in floor of mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| autsomal recessive from copper accumulation, bile canaliculus where copper is normally excreted from liver, can have chronic hepatitis, steatohepatitis, acute liver failure and necrosis, psychiatric manifestations |
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Term
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Definition
| mitochodrial dysfunction causes fatty change in liver and encephalopathy, from aspirin to kids with viral infection |
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Term
| major cause of portal hypertension |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis |
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Definition
Associated with Chrons and ulcerative cholitis, destruction of extrahepatic and large intrahepatic bile ducts
Fibrous onion-skinning of bile ducts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tumor of exocrine acinar cells, produces lipase, Rare, definite malignant potential
Makes lipase, can have it in blood and have fat necrosis in bizarre areas (marrow space) |
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Term
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Definition
| if u push on it, it wont pit. unlike CHF and found in myxedema (hypothy in adults) |
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Term
| most common cause of hyperthyroidism |
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Definition
graves dx
Diffuse hyperplasia of follicular cells, very little colloid because kicking out too much thyroglobulin, scalloped appearance at edge of colloid, HLA DR3, B8 |
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