• abnormal opening of the urethra onto the ventral surface of the penis or scrotum
• results from failure of fusion of the urethral folds
• a fibrous band distal to the opening causes ventral curvature of the erect penis
• associated with cryptochidism, ureterovesical refulx, inguinal hernia

abnormal opening of the urethra on the dorsal surface of the penis

• a form of exstrophy of the urinary bladder
• associated with separation of the pubic bones and inadequacy of the urinary sphincters
• incontinence and bladder infections are usual

results when a tight foreskin is forcibly retracted, and edema of the glans prevents its replacement

-can lead to acutre urinary retention and even gangrene of the glans

a persistent, non-pleasurable erection

• due to obstruction of the deep dorsal vein of the penis
• cavernosa are filled but the spongiosum isn't (unaffected)
• causes: sickle cell disease, black widow spider bite, brazilian "viagra" spider, leukemia, metastatic cancer, papaverine tx of impotence and trauma

• non-gonococcal due to chlamydia, mycoplasma, etc, or eating hot peppers.
• gonorrhea comes on faster after contact than chlamydia

"reiter's syndrome"

Triad: following bacterial infection

1. arthritis involving many joints
2. conjuctivitis
3. urethritis

-usually chlamydia

-pts likely to have circinate balanitis (red rash on glans) if they have reactive arthritis

a papillary, keratinizing lesion caused by the sexually-transmitted HPV

• commonly occurs in the urethral meatus

groups of flat-topped lesions that may ooze serous fluid

-caused by secondary syphilis

-usually occurs in skin folds

• almost all are squamous cell carcinoma
• originates on glans and prepuce
• greatest risk factor is infection with HPV

A raised, velvety plaque on the uncircumcised glans or prepuce

• defined to be squamous carcinoma in situ
• histologically shows dysplasia of squamous epithelium

Squamous carcinoma-in-situ anywhere on the skin

-- most commonly on penis or scrotum

• multifocal intraepithelial neoplasia
• caused by HPV-16
• atypia is mild
  

• non-specific infections are usually complications of UTI's, instrumentation, or prostate surgery
• gonorrhea: infection often spreads to the epididymis (testis less often)

• follows onset of parotitis by a week or so
• may cause atrophy of the germinal epithelium and infertily
• Leydig cells are spared
  

• results in venous infarction and gangrene
• spasm of the cremaster muscle keeps the process going

-- mean nothing on the scrotum

-- each one is a hemangioma with on dermal papilla

• closely resembles young spermatocyts
• grossly, tumors are homogeneously soft and yellowish
• stains: PLAP+, c-Kit/CD117+, OKT3/4+

• primitive cancer that arises in the testis
• grossly: grayish-white masses with hemorrhage and necrosis
• microscopically: tumor cells grow in sheets and knobs
• tumor markers: hCG, a-fetoprotein

• bloodiest solid tumor in pathology
• malignant cells resembnle placenta
• HCG levels very elevated
• most often a component in a teratocarcinoma

• composed of schiller-duval bodies - papillary structures
• lights up with a-fetoprotien and a-1-protease inhibitor

• can produce precocious puberty or gynecomastia
• can be identified by finding a Reinke cystalloid

• common in men who catch sexually-transmitted urethritis or lower UTI's
• E. coli is the most common etiologic agent

• increased tissue due to nodular overgrowth of periurethral glands and stroma
• hyperplasia most often affects the lateral and median lobes

• adenocarcinoma of the subcapsular glands
• commonest cancer in men