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| 5 exceptions to the -oma=benign rule |
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The following, when used in naming a neoplasm, always designate it as malignant:
carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, myeloma, and blastoma (some exceptions) |
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| a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin |
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| a malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin |
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| a malignant neoplasm of lymphoid origin |
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| a malignant neoplasm of hematologic origin |
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| a malignant neoplasm of melanocytic origin |
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| a malignant neoplasm of plasma cell origin |
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| benign tumor of glandular origin |
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| a benign tumor of epithelial origin growing with finger-like fronds |
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| a benign tumor of fibrous CT |
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| a benign tumor derived from lymphatic or vascular vessel walls |
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malignant or benign?
leukemia? |
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| a benign smooth muscle neoplasm that is very rarely malignant! |
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| colon cancer or any adenocarcinoma |
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| testicular cancer and hepatocellular cancer |
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| Beta subunit human chorionic Gonadotropin used for |
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| germ cell cancers and choriocarcinomas |
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| all white cells have this marker! If see it know that tumor is a lymphoma |
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Initiator or Promoter? Where from? What does it do?
Direct acting alkylating agents |
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initiator!
many of them are anti-cancer compounds
Examples: Cyclophosphamide, Chlorambucil, busulfan (anti-cancer) Cyclophosphamide is immunosupressive as well
Are know to induce lymphomas and leukemias |
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Initiator or Promoter? Where from? What does it do?
Polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons |
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Initiator--some of most potent carcinogens!
associated with skin cancers, sarcomas, lung cancer, and bladder cancer
found in broiled meat and smoked meats |
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Initiator or Promoter? Where from? What does it do?
Aromatic amines/azo dyes |
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initiators
are activated by P-450 oxygenase systems
Ex: beta-naphthylamine used in making rubber
highly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and bladder cancer |
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Initiator or Promoter? Where from? What does it do?
Aflotoxin B |
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inhibitors
produced by Aspergillus flavus
known to cause hepatocellular carcinoma |
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Initiator or Promoter? Where from? What does it do?
nitrosamines and amides |
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initiator
derived in vivo in the stomach from the activation of processed food preservatives
believed to contribute to the development of GI carcinomas...esp. gastric |
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Initiator or Promoter? Where from? What does it do?
asbestos |
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initiator
old buildings
causes bronchogenic carcinoma, mesothelioma, and GI carcinomas |
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Initiator or Promoter? Where from? What does it do?
Vinyl choloride |
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initiator
used in the development of PVC pipes
implicated in hemangiosarcoma of the liver |
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Initiator or Promoter? Where from? What does it do?
volatilized metals |
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initiator
ex: chromium and zinc
causes bronchiogenic carcinoma |
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Initiator or Promoter? What does it do?
arsenics |
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initiator
causes skin cancer |
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Initiator or Promoter?
insecticides |
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Initiator or Promoter?
saccharin |
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Initiator or Promoter?
cyclamates |
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Initiator or Promoter?
diethylstilbestrol |
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Initiator or Promoter?
bile salts |
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| benign squamous papillomas (warts) |
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| HPV types 16 and 18, also 31, 33, 35, and 51 cause? |
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| SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA AND PRECURSOR LESIONS |
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| HPV types 6 and 11 cause? |
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| genital lesions with low malignant potential |
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African Burkitt Lymphoma
B-cell lymphomas in immunosupressed pts
Hodgkin disease
nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
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| gastric carcinomas and MALTomas |
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