Term
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Definition
•Most common form of metaplasia
•Double edged sword:
–In bronchi = decreased cilia and mucus
–malignant transformation may occur
•Usually but not always protective
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Term
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Definition
Implies Reserve cells are availiable.
Replacement of 1 mature cell with another type of mature cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| its major consequences in the eye and in the production of keratinizing metaplasia of specialized epithelial surfaces, and its possible role in potentiating neoplasia (the pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a tumor). We see it in the eye and in the kidneys. |
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Term
PERIDUCTAL MASTITIS
(Metaplasia in the Breast)
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Definition
Periductal: near the duct.
Mastitis: inflammation of the breast.
•Inverted nipple = secondary to inflammation--common
•90% = smokers (your Vitamin A levels go down).
•Not related to lactation
•30-40
•Male or female
•Initiated by keratin trapped after metaplasia
•Duct rupture à strong inflammatory response to keratin
•Fistulas in recurrent disease
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Term
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Definition
Metaplastic change of the soft tissue.
-Myositis: inflammation of muscle tissues.
-comprises two syndromes characterized by heterotopic ossification (calcification) of muscle.
-involving the posterior thigh.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Decrease in blood flow to a tissue or organ. Can cause a worse lesion than Hypoxia b/c you’re also losing nutrients.
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Term
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Definition
-Means Cell Death.
–Necrosis --> inflammation
–Apoptosis --> no inflammation
–Autophagy
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Term
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Definition
1. Hypoxia / ischemia
2. Physical Agents
3. Chemicals and Drugs
4. Microbiologic Agents
5. Immunologic Reactions
6. Genetic Factors
7. Nutritional Factors
8. Aging
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Term
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Definition
1. Cell escapes adaptation --> reversible or irreversible cell injury
2. Irreversible injury --> cell death (oncosis)
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Term
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Definition
•1. Response depends on nature of injury, duration and severity
•2. Consequences depend on type, state and adaptability of injured cells
•3. Varied biochemical mechanisms act on several essential cellular components
•4. Any injurious stimuli may simultaneously trigger multiple mechanisms |
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Term
| Irreversible Cell Injury (Cell Death) |
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Definition
Loss of Phospholipids, Cytoskeletal alterations, Free radicals, Lipid breakdown -->
-Get Leakage of Enzymes (CK, LDH)
-Calcium influx. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simply a response to injury. |
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Term
| HALLMARKS OF REVERSIBLE CELL INJURY |
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Definition
decreased phosphorylation --> depletion of ATP
changes in ion concentrations --> influx of water
light microscopic changes: cellular changes & fatty change
damage to intracellular organelles
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Term
| EXAMPLES OF COMMON REVERSIBLE CELL INJURIES |
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Definition
Fat Droplets and Hyaline (Mallory Bodies)
Hydropic Change
Fatty Change
*Hyaline Degeneration (Mallory Bodies)* (a substance with a glass-like appearance).
Inclusions & Deposits
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Term
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Definition
-Accumulations of fat within the liver that usually does not cause liver damage.
-Can get this from starvation or diabetes.
-Can also be caused from ethanol, hypoxia, toxins, and malnutrition.
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Term
| REVERSIBLE CHANGES IN HYPOXIA 1 |
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Definition
1. Decrease in cell membrane transport systems 2° to decr. ATP
decr. oxidative phosphorylation
decr. protein synthesis
Altered cytoskeletal elements
Cell functions may stop temporarily
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Term
STRUCTURES WHICH MAY BE ALTERED in CELL INJURY :
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Definition
Nuclei
endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
plasma membranes
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Term
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Definition
–Karyolysis – “fades away”
–Pyknosis – hard and dark nucleus
–Karyorrhexis – random breakup of nucleus
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Term
NUCLEAR CHANGES
-POLYPLOIDY
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Definition
LARGE CELLS WITH LARGE NUCLEI
ACCOMPANYIES HYPERTROPHY BUT ALSO SEEN IN NORMAL TISSUES (e.g. liver)
INCREASE IN NUMBER WITH INCREASE IN AGE
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Term
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Cell injury
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Definition
1. ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY
2. CYSTIC FIBROSIS
3. HEPATITIS B
4. RUSSEL BODIES
5. DRUGS AND p-450
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Term
Mechanisms of accumulations of proteins
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin disease (A1AT)
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Definition
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin disease (A1AT)
Genetic disorder
Production of an abnormally folded form of A1AT in hepatocytes
Cannot be exported out of cell
Cannot be metabolized
1.Abnormal protein --> liver disease
2.Absence of protein --> lung damage
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Term
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Definition
AN ERROR IN EPITHELIAL TRANSPORT ALTERING SECRETIONS OF EXOCRINE GLANDS AND EPITHELIAL LINING.
70% HAVE MUTATIONS WITH ABNORMAL PROTEIN FOLDING.
1.Water will come out of it and the mucus becomes very thick.
2.Epitheloid: looks like the epithelium, but is not.
Chloride channel defect in the sweat duct (top) causes increased chloride and sodium concentration in sweat. In the airway (bottom), cystic fibrosis patients have decreased chloride secretion and increased sodium and water reabsorption leading to dehydration of the mucus layer coating epithelial cells.
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Term
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Definition
1. INACTIVATES TOXINS
2. INDUCIBLE
3. SMOKERS AND OTHERS NEED HIGHER DOSES OF SECOND DRUG
4. PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY (liver removal) PROTECTS AGAINST SECOND DRUG EFFECT
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Term
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Definition
•Luft’S Disease
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•Alcoholic liver disease
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Term
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Definition
| opened the field of Mitochondrial diseases. She at 19 was skinny, at like a horse, sweated like crazy. Her basal metabolic rate was higher than normal, and had a fever all the time. Hummingbirds have lots of Mitochondria. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
EFFECTS OF CALCIUM Damage
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Definition
1.Calcium comes from the outside. Increase membrane permeability, and the increase in Calcium inside the cell. Causes problems to the Mitochondria.
2.Goes to the ER.
3.The role of increased cytosolic calcium in cell injury. ER, endoplasmic reticulum.
Increased cytosolic Ca++, reactive oxygen species (oxidative stress), lipid peroxidation à Mitochondrial injury or dysfunction.
1.Consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction, culminating in cell death by necrosis or apoptosis.
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Term
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Definition
THIN
1. Rigor mortis: temporary stiffness of joints and muscular rigidity occurring after death.
2. Targets of toxins e.g.mushrooms
INTERMEDIATE
3. Mallory’s alcoholic hyaline
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Term
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Definition
1. KARTAGENER’ SYNDROME
1. BROCHIECTASIS: a disease that causes localized, irreversible dilation of part of the bronchial tree.
2. CHRONIC SINUSITIS: inflammation of one of the paranasal sinuses.
3. SITUS INVERSUS: during our development, our organs don’t flip over. Mirror-reversed position of abdominal organs.
●
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Term
| HEALING OF CELLULAR WOUNDS |
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Definition
Two mechanisms
1.wound rapidly assumes a circular shape—actin and myosin act as purse strings.
2.membrane bound vesicles accumulate and fuse(calcium dependent) --> a “dressing”
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Term
| STRUCTURAL CHANGES OCCUR WHEN CELLS DON’T ADAPT |
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Definition
Defects in membrane permeability --> swelling
Increased intracellular Ca2+ (High Calcium)
Generation of Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
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Term
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Definition
•Reprogramming of stem cells to differentiate in a different way. It is in response to a wide variety of signals (growth factors cytokines)
•Retinoic acid (Vitamin A) regulates gene transcription through retinoid receptors.
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Term
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Definition
–1. Necrosis --> inflammation
–2. Apoptosis --> no inflammation
–3. Autophagy (self eating)
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Term
CELL INJURY
-ALTERED IN CELL INJURY |
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Definition
1. nuclei
2. endoplasmic reticulum
3. mitochondria
4. plasma membranes
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Term
| Principal mechanisms of cell injury |
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Definition
1.Low ATP
2.Mitochondrial damage
3.Entry of Calcium
4.High ROS
5.Membrane damage
6.Protein Misfolding and DNA damage
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Term
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Definition
NUCLEAR DEATH
“fades away”
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Term
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Definition
NUCLEAR DEATH
hard and dark nucleus
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Term
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Definition
NUCLEAR DEATH
Random breakup of nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
High Cytosolic Calcium and Low Oxygen à Phospholipid loss, Lipid breakdwon products, Cytoskeletal damage --> Membrane Damage
High Cytosolic Calcium --> MITOCHONDRIAL INJURY --> Necrosis and Apoptosis.
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