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Leaf Blade Shape

Lancelot

• long and thin
• wider in the middle than the ends

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Leaf Blade Shape

Linear

• Long and thin
• Same width throughout

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Leaf Blade Shape

Cordate

• upside-down heart shaped

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Leaf Blade Shape

Eliptical

• Oval
• Short point at tip

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Leaf Blade Shape

Ovate

• Wider at the base
• tapering point

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Leaf Margin Shape

Entire

• Smooth
• No bumps

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Leaf Margin Shape

Crenate

• round, blunt projections

Dentate

• Sharp tooth like projections
• Point OUTWARD

Serrate

• Sharp tooth like projections
• Face towards apex of leaf

Incised

• deep cut
• sharp irregular teeth

Lobed

• smooth, deep indents

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Leaf Apex Shape

Acute

45°<Angle>90°

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Leaf Apex Shape

Acuminate

Angle<45°

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Leaf Apex Shape

Obtuse

Angle >90°

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Leaf Base Shape

Cuneate

• Narrowing at the bottom

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Leaf Base Shape

Obtuse

• Rounded

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Leaf Base Shape

Chordate

• heart shaped

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Leaf Base Shape

Sagittate

• Arrowhead shaped

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Leaf Attachment

Sessile

• no obvious pitule

Perfoliate

• base of leaf united around stem

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Leaf Attachment

Clasping

• Base of leaf surrounds stem

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Leaf Attachment

Stipules

small pair of flaps attached to the base ot the petiole

Mostly single layer

Primary cell walls

colorless

Palisade Mesophyll

• elongated chlorenchyma
• near upper epidermal cells
• Can be 1 to 2 layers deep

• rounded
• loosely packe chlorenchyma
• near lower epidermal cella
• air filled area is intercellular chambers

Sun Leaves

• Thicker
• More pallisade cells

Shade leaves

• Thinner
• One layer of pallisade cells

Stoma shapes:

Monocots

Dicots

Monocots: arranged with subsidary cells next to each pair

look like bones

Dicots: arranged randomly, look like beans

Leaves adapted to dry conditions

Epidermis is 2 cells thick

leaves adapted to wet conditions

Thick palisade layer

large intercellular air spaces

Thin epidermis

Cluster of pine needles

Passive sugar transport

small monosaccharides are moved passivly into companion cells where they are joined into long chains

Large storage cells under the epidermis

High in water content

Modified non-photosynthetic leaves

Composed of schlerenchyma

contain ligin

dead

Bulliform cells

Adjacent to midrib in some monocots

forces the leaf to fold in half in dry conditions

Carnivorous plants

Venus flytraps

Pitcher plants

Sundews

bladderwort

mosses

liverworts

hornworts

Dependent sporophyte

need water to reproduce

homosporous

whisk fern

vascular system

no roots

protostele with no pith

independent sporophyte

homosporous club moss LYCOPODIUM

heterosporus spike moss SELAGINELLA

• Gametophyte is dependent
• microphyll leaves, true roots
• have strobili

horsetails

• whorled leaves
• homosporus
• sporangiophore is reproductive structure
• sperm have elaters (wings)
• calyptra is a protective structure around zygote
• stem is photosynthetic

ferns

• megaphylls
• homo and heterosporous
• dominant sporophyte
• adventitious roots
• sori/ sorus(pl)
• contain sperm
• covered with indusium
• solenosteles or dictyosteles

cycads

• dioecious
• one apical meristem with no lateral branches
• caudex trunk 
• microgametophye has 5 cells

ginkgos

• fan shaped decidious leaves
• dichotomous veination
• long shoots and short shoots
• wood had trachieds but NO VESSELS
• dioecious

• seeds born in fleashy ovules
• have vessels
• double fertilization

3 genera

1. Gnetum
2. Ephedra
3. Welwitschia

male and female cones

• short shoots
• leaves can be in fasicles
• each megasporophyll is in th axis of a bract
• male cones aren't woody
• NO FLAGELLA

• dioecious
• dicot looking leaves
• has strobeli
• not well protected ovules

Ephedra

• monoecious or dioecious
• "leafless" stems
• female structure looks sorta like a strobili

• woody concave stem
• dioecious
• 2 LEAVES
• apical meristem at the base

monecious gymnosperms

ovules are attached to a central column

Bell peppers

functioning anthers and ovaries

aka biselual, hermaphroditic, cosexual

1-7 carples

many seeds

tomatoes, dates, kiwi, and grapes

1-7 carples

one seed each

seed is surrounded by a fleashy layer

peach, plum, apricot, cherry, mango

compound ovary

inferior ovary

endocarp (tough seed membrane)

pear and apple

indehiscent and dehiscent

mature ovary splits open

pea pod, legumes

ovary doesn't split open

acorn, corn, grasses