Papaver somniferum
• 3-5 ft annual herb

• 3400 B.C. Sumeria
‘Hul Gil’, the flower of joy

• 1300 B.C. Egypt
• 1803 morphine isolated (controlled doses possible)

Opium is made from the latex that is contained in the flesh of the ovary

•    Native to Peru and Bolivia

•    Scientific name:
Erythroxylum coca
•    Leaves contain the alkaloid cocaine
•    Chewing of coca leaves
- provides sustenance
- allows one to work for hours without eating
- can be used without addiction

Cocaine is used in anesthesia

Novacain, a related synthetic drug is used in dentistry

Cinchona Succirubra

Native to Peru, bark of the Cinchona will cure Maleria.

It reduces the feaver

The cause of Maleria was not discovered for 260 years after the cure was discovered

Anti-pyretic

Anti-febrile

Anti-thermic

Kills microorganisms

The seeping of leaves or bark in hot water to extract chemicals

EX tea

Sphagnum Moss

Used as a poultice, absorbs blood/fluid and has antiseptic properties

In WWI was used with garlic, one of the best antiseptics, and this ombination saved many lives

Ephedra aka Mormon Tea

Gymnospern

Caffine like properties

primary ingredient in Sudafed

Ginseng

Panax quinquefolium

• Dried roots are for universal purposes
• used for memory
• antibiotic properties used to treat tuberculosis, coughs, nausea, diabetes, indigestion, diarrhea, kidney degeneration, rheumatism, and sexual disfunction
• nearly eradicated on the east coast
  

Black Willow

Salix nigra

• Greeks used to treat gout
• for pain and to reduce feaver
• contains salicin, close to common aspirin
• tea made form bark to treat pain, feaver and swelling
  

Ginkgo

Ginkgo Biloba

• used for memory
• antibiotic properties used to treat tuberculosis

Foxglove aka digitalis

Digitalis purpurea

Heart stimulant

Witch Hazel

Hamamelis virginiana

an astringent

used as an antiinflamatory and antiseptic

Sassafras

Sassafras albidum

Shaped like mittens

roots are a source of extract

used in toothpaste, gum , tea and beer

Papaya

Carica papaya

• unripe fruits have latex juice
• meat tenderizer
• breaks up blood clots
• treats ruptured disks
  

Passionflower

Passiflora incarnata

leaves used as poultice

extractions used for sleeping aid

Wild Ginger

Asarum canadense

Red petals to attract flies

not related to cooking ginger

cuts down on nausea

American Holly

Ilex opaca

• Berry infusion is a heart stimulant
• raises blood pressure
• high in caffine
  

Creosote bush

Larrea tridentata

• fuzzy berries
• used as purgative and external antiseptic
• may have anti-cancer compounds
• mice live longer when fed NGDA, a derivative of the creosote bush
  

Broom Sedge

Andropogon virginicus

grass family

make tea for treating frostbite and diarrhea

Flowering Dogwood

Cornus florida

• Has bracts/modified leaves that look like petals
• actual flowers small yellow middles
• feaver reducer
• bark can be used as a quinine substitute
  

White Oak

Quercus alba

• high in tannins, yellow or brown bitter tasting acid
• treats asthma, cankersores and laryngitis when bark is prepared
  

Rauvolfia

Rauvolfia serpentina

• The alkaloid reserpine is used in tranquilizers
• chewing the roots hav a calming effect
  

Made of cellulose

• Carbohydrate, most abundant polymer
• 1/2 of each cell is cellulose

• < 25% cellulose
• thin and flexible

Secondary cell wall

• rigid and provides support and resistance to decay

• interior to primary cell wall

• pits between two cells where the cytoplasma extends, allowing molecules to move between two cells without crossing the plasma membrane

• Clusters called primary pit fields
• Continuation of ER

Apoplast- through the cell walls

Symplast- through plasma membrane

Cytoskeleton

Made of???

• determines the direction of cell growth
• provides support
• made up ofmicrofillaments, intermediate fillaments, and microtubules

Nucleus

2 phospholipid bilayers

nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope

nuclear membrane continuous with the ER

covered in ribozomes

connected to nucleus

protein synthesis

membrane synthesis

make lipids

sacs that pinch off from Golgi Aparatus

originate in ER

• tissue made of fiber or sclereids
• Fibers: single cell with dark spot in middle
• strengthening tissue

Conducted in trachieds, vessel members and vessels

Trachieds have donut shapped holes

Produced in tetrads

seperate later

conifer pollen grains are shaped like mickey mouse

aka phragmoplast

forms down the center of the cell

orientation of microfibrils is at random