Term
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Definition
• Monarchs regulated religious sects and abolished the liberties long held by certain areas, groups, or provinces
• Created new state bureaucracies to enhance their power and to direct the economic life of the country in the interest of the monarch
• Monarchs fought to free themselves from the restrictions of custom, competing institutions, and powerful social groups
• Sought freedom from nobility
• I.e. Catherine the Great
• I.e. Louis the 14th |
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Term
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Definition
• The limitation of the state by law
• Opponents of absolutism
• Power is balanced between the authority and power of the government on the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subject or citizen on the other hand. |
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Term
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Definition
• Set of interconnected laws and principals that all function in harmony
• Written document explaining the basic rights of citizens |
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Term
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Definition
| • Series of violent uprisings during the time of Louis XIV triggered by oppressive taxation of the common people, ambitions of the nobles, and efforts of the Parliament of Paris to check the authority of the crown; the last attempt of the French nobility to resist the king by arms |
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Term
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Definition
• Absolutist monarch in France
• Tried to expand French borders during the war of Spanish succession
• The last treaty he signed was the Peace of Utrecht
• Major king of France
• Stopped Parliament for 11 years
• Started the Long Parliament
• Moved the government from Paris to Versailles |
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Term
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Definition
• King Louis XIV moved the government system here
• Home of the French court
• Controlled everyone who lived here
• Way to eliminate the nobles party, creating more power for himself |
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Term
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Definition
• Financial advisor to Louis 13th?
• Created mercantilism |
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Term
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Definition
• Persecution of Protestants under the influence of Henry IV
• Reunite the Church
• Wrote it in hope for peace
• Killed before it was effective
• His son tired to change it failed |
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Term
| Revocation of the Edict of Nantes |
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Definition
• King Louis 13th revoked it
• Forbid Protestants to do anything with their religion
• Enforced everyone to convert to Catholicism
• Any nobles that practiced Protestantism were hung/killed
• Gave people the chance to convert to Catholicism. |
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Term
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Definition
• Used intendents
• Prime Minister of France
• Louis the 13th advisor
• Ruled for Louis the 13th when he was a young boy, before he was able to rule
• Habsburg Policy |
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Term
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Definition
• French Cardinal
• Worked for Richelieu
• Regent of the Court of Austria
• Gave Queen Anne a lot of money
• Continued the Habsburg policy
• Laid the foundation out for Louis 14th expansion |
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Term
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Definition
• Implies protectionism
• Global trade
• Markets that can be controlled
• Modern trade with controlled markets
• Economic policy in which a country tries to increase exports and decrease imports
• I.e. France |
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Term
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Definition
• Trading throughout the world
• Mercantilism
• Find markets to control |
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Term
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Definition
• In the Court of Louis the 14th
• Wrote about staying in Versailles |
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Term
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Definition
• Were committed to “purifying” the Anglican church of roman Catholic elements
• Had elaborate vestments and ceremonies, even the giving and wearing of wedding rings
• Church of England
• Attracted by the socioeconomic implications of John Calvin theology (Calvinism) |
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Term
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Definition
• High tax on importing goods to maximize self sufficiency
• Mercantilism |
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Term
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Definition
• Writer/philosopher
• Sciences
• “Life, Liberty, and Property”
• Believed change was a good thing
• Anything that moves us forward is good and we can worry about the difficulties later. Don’t ask questions
• Believed men are rational and will choose the right thing
• Receive experience Remember Compare it to other experiences Idea is formed
• Gives up absolute freedom for the commonwealth of everyone
• The people that disobey the social contract are punished and can’t stay in the society with the rest of us
• Tabula Rasa guy
• Man is naturally rational
• Hypothesized the pre-social contract |
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Term
| Glorious Revolution of 1688 |
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Definition
• Non-violent overthrow in England
• James II was expelled and the power went to William and Mary
• Overthrown because there were heavy taxes on the peasants
• Coup d’etat
• Revolution against James II |
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Term
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Definition
• A republic
• Oliver Cromwell
• Tried to govern through Parliament but they made it hard for him to accomplish anything |
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Term
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Definition
• Represented the balance-of-power principle in operation, setting limits on the extent to which any one power, in this case France, could expand.
• Completed the decline of Spain as a Great Power
• Expanded the British Empire
• Marked the end of French expansionist policy
• A lot of the pain, war, and misery that had been occurring throughout France was Louis’ fault (he died in 1715)
• After the war of Spanish Succession
• Stop Louis the 14th from expansion
• Final treaty Louis the 14th signed to insure the stop of his expansion
• Without this, France would of continued to expand |
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Term
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Definition
• Colonies in other places, colonizing in other places
• England America
• To achieve mercantilism |
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Term
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Definition
• Free groups and outlaw armies made up of peasants who had fled from their service nobles to the conquered territories in the east and south
• “Ivan the Terrible”
• Ivan’s solution was making the fleeing slaves into serfs perpetually bound to serve their noble landholders. |
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Term
| War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) |
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Definition
• Louis XIV (England), Austria, Netherlands, and Prussia vs. France & Spain
• Peace of Utrecht resulted from the War
• Put grandson on the throne of Spain to contain more power
• Everyone wanted to limit his power |
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Term
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Definition
• Limiting the subject matter and style of classically antiquity
• Artists and writers during the age of Louis XIV
• The arts possess the classical qualities of discipline, balance, and restraint
• Principles of absolutism molded these artistic ideals
• Individualism was not allowed
• Artists glorified the state, personified by the king, precise rules governed all aspects of culture
• Style of French art
• Model after Greek and Roman art but making it more complex. |
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Term
| Second Treatise of Civil Government (Locke 1690) |
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Definition
| • Praising the Glorious Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
• Civil War in England
o With Parliament against King Charles I
• Commonwealth- fell overtime
• Tried a republic dictatorship
• His death led to absolutism of Charles II |
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Term
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Definition
• Did not want to join the alliance with Louis 14th to expand Europe
o Related to William and Mary
• Absolutist
• Elizabeth died becomes king |
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Term
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Definition
• Did not like Parliament
o Suspended them for 11 years and governed on his own
• Wanted to raise army to fight the Scots
• Asked them for an army, but refused
• Created his own army
• Led to a Civil War between Charles and Oliver Cromwell (wins) |
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Term
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Definition
• Invited to be on the thrown of England
• Monarchs
• Knew they would make an army to overthrow Louis
• New rules-
o No Catholic will sit on the English throne
o Parliament will be held frequently
o No member of Parliament can be arrested for what they say in court
o No monarch can raise an army in peace time (can’t turn on their own people)
• Needs a limited, not an absolute government
• Founded an army to fight Louis XIV |
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Term
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Definition
• Cabinet of Ministers became very powerful
• Firmly on a Constitutional path |
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Term
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Definition
• Louis 14th sent him back to England
• Minimal fighting
• Secret Treaty
• Womanizer
• The only people he punished from the Civil War were those who were directly related to the execution of Charles I. He wanted to put the Civil War behind them
• Established the Royal Academy
• Test Act |
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Term
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Definition
• Catholicized England
• Persecuted the Protestants |
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Term
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Definition
• Not born good or bad
• You’re born with a blank slate so anything can happen |
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Term
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Definition
• Enlightenment Despotism
• Prussia |
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Term
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Definition
• New capital created by Peter the Great
• Winter Palace was here
• Baroque style |
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Term
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Definition
• Western ideas
• Built universities
• Brought over foreigners
• Loved sciences
• Founded the Russian navy
• Created the capital St. Petersburg
• Fought the Swedes and Eastward towards China
o Used peasants to keep life in the army
• Strengthened feudalism but did not decrease absolutism
• Absolute monarch
• Changed fashion
• Taxed men on their beards
• Baroque metropolis |
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Term
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Definition
• Symmetrical
• Bold, extravagant, huge
• Lots of windows and candles which brightened the inside
• Showed the wealth of the rulers
• Very eastern
• Inspired by Louis XIV
• Symbolized the age of absolute power
• Intended to overawe the people with the monarch’s strength
• Wildly colorful paintings, graceful sculptures, and fanciful carvings
• Architecture was based on the ruler
• Advanced Europe
• First department stores
• Lots of wealth was shown
• St. Petersburg
• Were building new cities and places constantly
• Modernity meant broad, straight, stone-paved avenues, houses built in a uniform line, large parks, canals for drainage, stone bridges, and street lighting
• Social classes were separated
• Peasants built and the wealthy were taxed, which led to hatred towards Peter
• It was a very showy and wealthy city that prospered (St. Petersburg) |
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Term
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Definition
| • Anne, Queen of England created this system |
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Term
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Definition
• Richelieu is his advisor
• Edict of Nantes was under his influence |
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Term
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Definition
• Led a rebellion by the Cossacks and peasants
• Inspired future generations
• Led the rebellion fearlessly
• Against the government but was for the people that were being treated poorly
• Grew up as a Cossack
• Revolutionary
• Introduced new ideas |
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Term
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Definition
• An absolute ruler
• Slavic word for “Caesar” |
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Term
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Definition
• 17th Century
• English Civil War was chaos
• Leviathan
• Secular reason for absolutism
• Before there was a state, man was not rational but irrational governed by his instincts
• If there is no absolute authority over man, then they’ll kill each other
• Absolute monarch
• Motivated by your instincts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| • Those who refused to receive the sacrament of the Church of England could not vote |
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Term
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Definition
• Russia
• Turned to the West for ideas
• German princess
• Married to the heir of the Russian Throne, Peter III (Lutheranism and insisted on speaking German),whom she eventually murdered
• In love with a man named Gregory Orlov who helped kill Peter
• Not very religious
• Russian Orthodox church
• Very wealthy and everyone loved her
• The Winter Palace was hers for more than 20yrs
• Believed in absolutism
• Brought western culture to Russia; westernized the thinking gof the Russian nobility
• Corresponded extensively with Voltaire
• Created better laws and appointed a special legislative commission to prepare a new law code
• Restrict the practice of torture and allowed limited religious toleration
• Improved education and strengthen local government |
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Term
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Definition
• The serf revolt in 1773 put an end to any thoughts that Catherine had of reforming serfdom and society
• Gave the nobles absolute control over their serfs and ten years later, she freed nobles forever from taxes and state service
• Territorial expansion- very successful
• Part of the Enlightened despotism
• Encouraged and spread the cultural values of the Enlightenment
• Supported knowledge, education, and the arts
• Continued the state building of their predecessors, reorganizing armies, and expanding bureaucracies to raise more taxes and troops
• Wanted state power
• Died in 1796 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| • Free thinking of many scientists allows breakthroughs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| • Gave Charles his army but this took the power away from his also |
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Term
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Definition
• Late 18th Century
• Wrote the Social Contract
• Democratic vision and did not believe in any kind of monarchy
• Favorite philosophe
• “Men are born free, but are everywhere in chains” |
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Term
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Definition
• Courted by Catherine the Great and was greatly dedicated to her
• Important advisor on art
• Honored throughout France
• His entire library was sent to the Hermitage after he died |
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Term
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Definition
• French word for philosopher
• Questions about the meaning of life, God, human nature, good and evil, and cause and effect
• Not content with abstract arguments or ivory-tower speculations
• Determined to reach and influence all the economic and social elites (the public) |
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Term
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Definition
• Everything accelerated as it fell at a constant rate
• Stated that the bible was wrong, which created controversy, causing him to be arrested
• All planets move at different speeds
o Further away from the sun move slower
o Wanted to explain how the entire universe works
• Mathematics was now very important- universe was ruled by mathematics
• Everything was related by the force that held everything together or in orbit or by gravity |
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Term
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Definition
• Copernicus
• Scientific and religious impacts
• Destroyed the basic idea of Aristotelian physics (The idea that the earthly world was quite different from the heavenly one)
• The church officially declared the Copernican theory false in 1616 |
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Term
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Definition
• Late 18th Century
• Absolute ruler who believes they are acting upon the Enlightenment
• Use principals from their own enlightenment to govern better
• Frederick (Prussia), Catherine (Russia), Joseph (Austria)
• Educational reforms
• Reform military
• Strengthening areas where there is already power
• Tax reforms
• Wanted to run government more efficiently
• The long term problem was that is was bad for the absolute monarchy |
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Term
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Definition
• Late 18th Century
• The nobles should check the power of the King
• Idea of Checks and Balances |
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Term
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Definition
| • Newtons laws- relativity |
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Term
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Definition
• Brahe and Galileo’s empirical method
• Francis Bacon created this method
• Work through experimental research on a specific subject
• Produce highly practical useful knowledge giving a new and effective justification for the pursuit of science |
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Term
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Definition
• Gravity produces a uniform acceleration
• Galileo’s ideas
• Rather than rest being the natural state of objects, an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force |
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Term
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Definition
• More export than import
• Balance was a necessity |
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Term
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Definition
• Lots of art collections
• Palace of Russian Tsars
• St. Petersburg
• 100,000 serfs died during construction
• Built in stone
• 2 miles |
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Term
| Declaration of Right (Bill) |
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Definition
• Governemtn wrote it
• William and Mary were forced to agree with it before they were able to take the throne
• Kept power in the hands of Parliament so an absolute ruler could not form
• Rules:
o No Catholic will sit on the English throne
o Parliament will be held frequently
o No member of Parliament can be arrested for what they say in court
o No monarch can raise an army in peace time (can’t turn on their own people) |
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Term
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Definition
• Members of French cabinet who were appointed by the king
• Several different jobs depending on their post (justice, finances, etc.)
• Louis XIV and Versailles |
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Term
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Definition
• A joint stock company chartered by the States General of the Netherlands to expand trade and promote relations between the Dutch government and its colonial ventures.
• Many big markets had their hands on here
• A monopoly |
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Term
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Definition
• Longest lasting ruler
• Cossacks left during his reign
• Created Kremlin
• Russia
• Absolute ruler
• Ruled for a very long time, expanding the size of Russia greatly and bringing much power to Russia |
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Term
| Time of Troubles (1598-1613) |
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Definition
| • Hard times for the Russians |
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Term
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Definition
• Charles I and Parliament vs. Charles I
• Executed by England |
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Term
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Definition
• when the country is divided into states and each has there own power
• In charge of money
• Dominated by nobility
• Richelieu
• Stimulated installment of Intendants |
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Term
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Definition
• led a Cossack rebellion against Catherine the Great
• it took two years for Catherine the great to suppress the rebellion
• Caused her to be absolute
• she was going to try to give the Cossacks more freedom but didn't |
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Term
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Definition
• Austrians
• Austria and the Ottoman Turks
• The Thirty Years’ War left the Habsburgs weak and poor, forcing them to turn their attention inward.
• Renewed internal strength allowed the Habsburgs to confront the Ottoman Turks.
• Habsburg efforts to create an absolutist state met with only partial success. |
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Term
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Definition
• Midwife
• Was one of the only women who actually spread these ideas, teaching them to other women
• Wrote a book explaining how to give birth to a child
• Pictures in the book were helpful for the women who could not read but were training to be midwives
• Traveled to different villages, bring the education to the people
• Created a model, displaying how to give birth to a child, which was an extremely inventive and revolutionary idea
• This model allowed practice without harming anyone physically |
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Term
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Definition
• French writer and philosopher
• Enlightenment
• Wrote the encyclopedia |
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Term
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Definition
| • Brilliant young assistant of Tycho Brahe. Very good with mathematics. Helped Brahe in areas in mathematics was Brahe lacked understanding. Formulated three famous laws of planetary motion: in 1609 demonstrated that the orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather than circular. Second: demonstrated that the planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits. Third: 1619 showed that the time a planet takes to make its complete orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun. Kepler proved mathematically that the sun is the center of the Solar System. |
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Term
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Definition
the sun is at the center of the solar system
o Theory made by Copernicus
o Used technology to prove it better
o Scientific Revolution
o Religious problems |
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Term
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Definition
earth is the center of the universe
o Was considered a fact but Galileo doubted it
o Kepler proved it was false, which Brahe agreed with
o Newton devised law of gravitation |
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Term
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Definition
| • from Denmark. Europe's leading astronomer. Detailed observations of the new star of 1572. For twenty years he collected a great mass of data. He had a limited understanding of mathematics and they prevented him from making much sense out of his data. He let Kepler do this. |
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Term
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Definition
• The Royal Society of London published scientific papers and sponsored scientific meetings.
• It was important because many of the kings during the scientific revolution were against the science because they were for Christianity
• So this was one of the few safe havens of science |
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Term
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Definition
• Elegant private drawing rooms where talented and rich Parisian women held regular social gatherings during the Enlightenment to discuss literature, science, and philosophy
• Enlightenment |
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Term
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Definition
• French mathematician, philosopher, and scientist
• Father of modern mathematicians
• “I think, therefore I am” |
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Term
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Definition
• Simple version of Christianity
• Treatise on Toleration
• Volatire
• Living simply (religious) |
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Term
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Definition
• Rousseau
• Any law that is made is good for the public no matter what it states
• It should be beneficial and everyone must oblige by it
• If each individual puts in the effort, than it can become beneficial as a whole
• Although everyone may loose something from it, they will gain from it as well |
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Term
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Definition
• Discovered by scientific method through experiment
• Connection between the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
• Prussia
• Enlightenment Despotism
• Absolute ruler |
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Term
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Definition
• Naturally knowledgeable men need to be around one another
• Create so they can still violate and retaliate against the laws that are made by the government
• Need a way to create a median between themselves and the government
• People have greater power if they are in groups |
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Term
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Definition
• David Hume is a Scottish Philosopher (1711-1776)
• He built on Lockes teaching on learning, he said the mind is only a bundle of impressions and by experiences of senses make these impressions.
• He said reason cant explain what things cant be explained by senses
• and he "discovered" gravity
• significance: he undermined the enlightenment belief that reason was the way to find out all things |
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Term
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Definition
| • and important thinker...represented key aspects of this improvement in scientific methodology. He was an English politician, writer, and courtier. He was the greatet early propagandist for the new experimental method. Argued that new knowledge had to be pursued through empirical, experimental research. He formalized brahe's and galileo's empirical method into the general theory of inductive reasoning known as empiricism. |
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Term
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Definition
• Russian nobles
• they were important b/c the absolute ruler had to keep them close to him in order to keep the state good |
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Term
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Definition
• Noble Prussian landowners
• Conflicted with Fredrick William I
• this led to the nobility commanding the peasantry in the army and the estates |
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Term
| Letter to Grand Duchess Christina |
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Definition
• Written by Galileo
• Using religious arguments and religious authority against him
• Determining the Bible in different ways
• Stating that religion doesn’t always make sense and you just have to rely on faith
• The Church does not like his views
• States that you should trust Nature more than the Bible because it is physically tangible and believable
• Scientific Revolution
• No ground between science and religion |
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Term
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Definition
• Peter the Great wrote many of these
• Wanted structure and order
• He especially wanted power, amplifying the power over Russia
• Educate people and eliminate tradition
• Feudalism was reinforced
• Displayed that Russia was not doing too well economically
• Each class was treated differently
• Reflects on leadership
• If peasants continue to pay taxes then they have to become serfs
• Wants all of his subjects identical; thinking and acting alike
• Wants to take over Russia
• The peasants did not like these laws because it taxed them heavily and changed their every day lives |
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Term
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Definition
• Voltaire
• Characterizing all religions in society
• Intolerance is unacceptable and everyone should treat each other like brothers
• Not everyone is totally united because of different dialects
• If you are a truly religious person then you don’t consider yourself higher or mightier than another
• Wants people to be committed to God, understand these feelings
• God’s infinitely superior than all of us and cannot just be one
• God created the universe, then withdrew from it so that it would work
• Ideal for man
• We are all similar no matter what religion |
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Term
| Rousseau Exposes Popular Sovereignty and the General Will |
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Definition
• Humans form a social contract (see social contract)
• Any law that is made is for the good of the public and the people, no matter what it says, it should be beneficial
• Although everyone may loose something from the process, they will essentially gain something as well. |
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Term
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Definition
• the troubled period between the two Charles' (I and II) run by Oliver Cromwell and militaristic experimental time
• An interval of time between the close of a sovereign's reign and the accession of his or her normal or legitimate successor.
• Any period during which a state has no ruler or only a temporary executive.
• Any period of freedom from the usual authority.
• the period from 1649-1660 separated two monarchial periods (Charles I and Charles II) for most of this time Oliver Cromwell led England in a time of military dictatorship as the head of state |
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Term
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Definition
• cabinet system means that the ministers of different things make the policy for their field
• English revolution
• a monarchy where although there is still a king, there is a constitution that is universal to all. even the monarch has to follow the laws. unlike an absolute monarchy the king or queen is not above the law
• Became Lockean
• Started with glorious revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| • Ivan III completed the process of consolidating power around Moscow, capital before the capital was moved to St. Petersburg where it stayed for 200 years |
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Term
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Definition
• (in Marxist theory) the class that, in contrast to the proletariat or wage-earning class, is primarily concerned with property values.
• The middle class.
• In Marxist theory, the social group opposed to the proletariat in the class struggle. |
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Term
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Definition
• Under Peter the Great, Russia went to war with Sweden on a quest of territorial expansion (1700-1721).
• Through many victories and the annexation of Estonia and Latvia, Peter and Russia became a major power in the Baltic Sea
• It also made Russia a European great power |
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Term
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Definition
• Montesquieu
• executive legislative and judicial branches systematically balance one another
• therefore the power of the federal government would in turn be checked by the powers of the individual states |
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Term
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Definition
• Being tied to the land by labor (basically you get to live there and eat there because you work there, but you don't get a salary so your not free)....
• this was problem in Russia because there wasn't a clear definition between serfdom and slavery.
• While the country was already extremely impoverished, this class had a lot of starvation and hard times. |
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Term
| On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres |
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Definition
| • A book by Copernicus. based on his hypothesis that the sun rather than the earth was the center of the universe. He worked on this hypothesis from 1506-1530. He hypothesized that the stars, planets, and the earth, revolved around a fixed sun. He was very cautious and he feared ridicule so he didn't publish this book/paper until 1543, the year he died. |
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Term
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Definition
• The doctrine that monarchs derive their right to rule directly from God and are accountable only to God.
• believed by all of the absolute rulers |
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Term
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Definition
• Kepler formed three laws
• orbits of planets around sun are elliptical not circular
• 2. Planets don’t move at a uniform speed
• 3. The time it takes to for a planet to revolve around the sun is directly related to the distance from the sun |
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Term
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Definition
• Galileo’s most famous book
• Got in trouble and was arrested for it
• In it he provided a lively and accessible account of his telescopic work: his observations of the Moon and, particularly, his discovery and observations of four satellites around Jupiter. The lunar observations showed that the surface of the moon was not smooth and perfectly spherical, but was pitted with craters and had mountains. The observations of the Jovian satellites showed that the Earth was not the only centre of rotation in the universe. Both these discoveries were blows to the Aristotelian world-view which was geocentric and maintained that everything above the Earth was perfect and incorruptible. |
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