Term
- Deter crime
- Public safety
- Availability of services |
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Definition
| Robert Peel's functions of police patrol |
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Term
Automobile patrol (84%)
Bicycle patrol (5%)
Motorcycle patrol (5%)
Foot patrol (4%) |
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Definition
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Term
- No set pattern
- Patrol beats
- Based on citizens calls and reported crimes
- Extra patrol (Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment, 1972) |
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Definition
| random/preventative patrol |
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Term
| A combination of community policing and problem-oriented policing that targets areas with specific offense type and high-crime areas |
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Definition
| directed patrol (or aggressive patrol) |
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Term
| Also called the phantom effect, involves assuming the police are patrolling an area from having seen them at another time or place, leading to the presumption that the police are present when there is no patrol in the area |
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Definition
| residual deterrent effects |
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Term
| EXAMPLE: As expected, electronic tagging of books in a University of Wisconsin library resulted in reduced book thefts. However, thefts of videocassettes and other materials that had not been tagged also declined. |
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Definition
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Term
| An area that receives a disproportionate number of calls for police service and/or has a very high crime rate |
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Definition
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Term
- First responders
- Calls for service
- Self-initiated activities
- Administrative activities |
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Definition
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Term
- Obtain information from caller
- Makes decisions about appropriate response to call (ask questions of callers and assess situation)
- Exercise tremendous discretion (i.e. decide how many/which officers to dispatch) |
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Definition
| communication center operators |
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Term
- Lengthy, many questions asked
- Some questions seen as threat to caller's personal character/judgment
- Patrol officers responding to calls experience uncertainty |
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Definition
| operator-citizen interactions |
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Term
- Discovery time
- Reporting time
- Processing time
- Travel time |
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Definition
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Term
- Need to verify crime occurred
- Regain composure
- Call a friend or family member first
- Decide whether to involve police
- Telephone not immediately available |
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Definition
| reasons why citizens delay calling |
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Term
| Enforce traffic laws (i.e. speeding, red-light running, use of seat belts, distracted drivers, aggressive driving/road rage, DUI) |
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Definition
| patrol efforts to combat driving behavior |
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Term
- Striking out and hitting an officer (44%)
- Pushing or pulling of the officer (27%)
- Grabbing or holding the officer (20%) |
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Definition
| most common types of force used by suspects |
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Term
- More than one officer was involved
- Suspect used bodily force as opposed to a weapon
- Suspect was under arrest or was fighting with the officers
- Suspect was sober |
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Definition
| Officers were more likely to be injured when: |
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Term
- Number of sworn officers
- Police-population ratio
- Assignment to patrol
- Distribution of patrol officers
- One versus two officer cars
- Work styles of officers |
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Definition
| factors affecting the delivery of patrol services |
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Term
| Due to the decentralized nature of the job |
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Definition
| Why is studying patrol difficult/expensive? |
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Term
- Designed to provide accurate, representative picture
- Trained observers follow officer everywhere he goes
- Take field notes and officer can then read |
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Definition
| standards for systematic social observation |
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Term
- "Would citizens notice changes in the level of police patrol?"
- "Would different levels of police patrol affect the level of crime, as measured by UCR data or victimization data?"
- "Would different levels of patrol affect citizens fear of crime and if so, would there be any changes in behavior or lifestyle?"
- "Would different levels of patrol affect citizen satisfaction with police?" |
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Definition
| Kansas City Patrol Experiment (1972-1973) |
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Term
- Control group (5 beats with no change to police behavior)
- Reactive group (5 beats with all preventative patrolling eliminated)
- Proactive group (5 beats with 2-3 times the level of normal patrol) |
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Definition
| study design of the Kansas City Patrol Experiment |
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Term
- Changes in level of patrol had no significant effect on crime
- Changes in level of patrol had no significant effect on feelings of safety
- No significant changes in citizens' behavior due to perceptive changes in policing behavior
- Changes in the level of patrol had no impact on citizens' attitudes towards police |
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Definition
| results of Kansas City Patrol Experiment |
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Term
- Patrol was spread so thin
- Patrolling may not deter crimes (i.e. indoor and impulsive acts)
- "Phantom effect" or residual deterrence
- Did not look at what officers actually did, only level of patrol |
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Definition
| Why didn't changes in patrol impact crime and perceptions? (Kansas City Patrol Experiment) |
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Term
- Initiated due to findings from Kansas City Experiment
- Effects of varying levels of foot patrol on crime, arrest rates and community attitudes
- Similar design as the Kansas City Experiment (beats with additional foot patrol, beats less foot patrol, control beats) |
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Definition
| Newark Foot Patrol Experiment (1978-1979) |
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Term
- "Additional foot patrol did not reduce serious crime"
- Citizens were aware of the different levels of foot patrol
- Citizens in the areas with additional foot patrol noticed a decrease in the severity crime problems
- Positive attitudes from citizens and foot patrol officers |
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Definition
| Results of Newark Foot Patrol Experiment |
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Term
- Questioned the Kansas City findings
- Focus preventative patrol in the "hot spots" of crime
- Focused on areas where crime is most concentrated
- More patrol led to fewer crime calls and less observations of disorder in places with much more patrol |
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Definition
| Minneapolis Hot Spot Experiment |
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Term
- More calls for service and very high crime rate
- 5% of addresses accounted for 64% of calls
- 60% of addresses never called |
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Definition
| Minneapolis Hot Spot Experiment findings in regards to areas of highly concentrated crime |
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Term
- Crime Prophylactic Model
- Police Knowledge Model
- Social Work Model
- Community Cooperation Model
All models assume crime fighting is central part of police role |
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Definition
| Mastrofski's four ways non-crime calls can help improve police effectiveness |
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Term
- Police intervention can defuse potentially violent situations
- Police intervention can prevent escalation into criminal violence |
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Definition
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Term
- Gives officers broader exposure to the community
- Provides more knowledge to help solve crimes |
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Definition
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Term
| Can guide lawbreakers into law-abiding behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| Can help police establish greater credibility |
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Definition
| Community Cooperation Model |
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Term
- Maintain social boundary
- Relieve unpleasant situation
- Counterpunching
- Obtain an emergency service |
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Definition
| reasons for calling the police |
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Term
| Used when calling the police in order to divert attention away from his or her own behavior |
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Definition
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Term
- Most common type of order maintenance
- Dangerous for police officers
- Drunk driving crackdowns |
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Definition
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Term
- Risk of being arrested for drunk driving is low
- Probability of stopping a drunk driver is limited
- Arrest is time consuming |
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Definition
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Term
| Domestic disturbances involve “two or more people engaged in an intimate relationship” (i.e. married or divorced couples, live-in lovers, people on a first date, adults and children or adults and elderly parents) |
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Definition
| What constitutes domestic dispute? |
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Term
- 33% of cases involve violence
- 13% of all wives have experienced domestic violence (1/3 have experienced severe violence)
- From 1993 to 2007, intimate partner violence decreased substantially |
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Definition
| prevalence/trend of domestic disputes |
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Term
- Many domestic violence victims do not call the police
- Non-white, low-income people call more frequently
- Middle-class women seek assistance from private sectors
- Middle-class women more likely economically dependent on spouse |
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Definition
| calls to the police in regards to domestic disputes |
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Term
- Arrest
- Mediation
- Separating the parties
- Referral to social service agencies
- No action at all |
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Definition
| police responses to domestic dispute calls |
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Term
- Private matter
- Domestic violence arrests are dismissed
- Victims request no arrest
- Arrests require work
- Low value placed on domestic violence arrests
- Disrespect to police |
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Definition
| factors influencing arrest decisions in matters of domestic violence |
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Term
- Traditionally, police did as little as possible
- Police should mediate or arbitrate disputes
- Should be subjected to arrest |
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Definition
| viewpoints on role of policing in matters of domestic violence |
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Term
- Mandatory arrest policy for domestic disputes
- Generally defined as an attack or threat of an attack on another individual in which the attacker uses a dangerous weapon and seeks to cause serious harm but stops short of an attempt to kill the victim |
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Definition
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Term
- The first scientifically controlled test of the effects of arrest
- Addressed how police should respond to misdemeanor cases of domestic violence
- Arrest, give advice, sent away from the house for eight hours |
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Definition
| Minneapolis Experiment (1981-1982) |
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Term
- Participants generally characterized by: unmarried couples, lower than average education levels, minority and mixed couples, prior incidents involving police intervention
- Arrest produced lower rates of repeat violence against women |
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Definition
| results of Minneapolis Experiment |
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Term
- Arrest had no deterrent effects
- Milwaukee, Omaha and Colorado springs all found that arrest escalated violence of unemployed individuals
- Arrest laws and policies varies today (i.e. mandatory, preferred, officer's discretion) |
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Definition
| replication of Minneapolis Experiment (Atlanta, Colorado Springs, Milwaukee and Omaha) |
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Term
- "Victimless" crime
- 250,000 full-time prostitutes serving 1.5 million customers per week
- Streetwalkers, bar girls, skeezers, brothel prostitutes, call girls |
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Definition
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Term
- Goal of arrest is to confine and deter
- Legal problems (i.e. entrapment, equal protection, selective enforcement) |
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Definition
| police role in matters of prostitution |
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Term
- Strategies of today differ very little from the past (i.e. reactive strategies, involves containment)
- Proactive strategies (i.e. referrals and donations) |
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Definition
| police role in matters of homelessness |
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Term
- Approx. 400,000 individuals
- New homeless includes more families with more women and children |
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Definition
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Term
- Estimated that 7 to 10% of police contacts
- Large proportion of repeat calls for services |
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Definition
| police role in matters of mentally ill persons |
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Term
- Hospitalization
- Arrest
- Informal disposition |
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Definition
| police responses to mentally ill persons |
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Term
- "psychiatric first aid"
- "mercy booking" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
- High level of contact with police
- Negative attitudes toward police
- Significant part of crime problem
- Concerned with curfew laws, "hanging out" |
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Definition
| police role in matters of juveniles |
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Term
- Routine patrol
- Specialized crime prevention units (i.e. meet with citizens, work with neighborhood groups, educating individuals on crime/drugs/gangs) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| primary crime prevention activity |
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Term
- Proactive versus reactive
- General versus specific
- Particular crimes
- Specific places
- Specific offenders
- Specific victims |
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Definition
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Term
- Citizen report, "the real gatekeepers"
- Officer observes
- Investigation |
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Definition
| how police discover crime |
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Term
| Not completing a crime report |
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Definition
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Term
- Law is unclear to the citizen, not a crime
- Insufficient evidence of a crime
- Bias against the victim |
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Definition
| reasons for "unfounding" crime |
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Term
- Based on reported crimes
- Different criteria for clearing crime
- Data manipulation |
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Definition
| effectiveness of criminal investigations |
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Term
- Structural factors
- Organization factors
- Environmental factors |
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Definition
| case "solvability" factors |
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Term
| Related to the crime committed |
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Definition
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Term
| Lack of resources does not keep clearance rates low |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of the community the police work in |
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Definition
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Term
- Legally arrested
- Behaviorally arrested
- Subjectively arrested
- Officially arrested |
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Definition
| different ways of defining arrest |
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Term
- Seriousness of the offense
- Mental state
- Criminal record
- Weapon
- Danger
- Demeanor |
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Definition
| factors influencing officer's decision to arrest |
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Term
- 4th Amendment (restrictions for searches and seizures)
- 5th Amendment (not allowed to deprive citizens of life, liberty or property with due process)
- With or without arrest warrant (crime committed in officer's presence and probable cause to believe the suspect committed a felony) |
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Definition
| having the authority to arrest |
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