Term
| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
|
Definition
| Fossil from the time of the chimpanzee-human split. Represents earliest fossil evidence from C. Africa site of Chad 7.0 -2.0 mya. Founded in 2002. Oldest known homimin. Brain -350 cc. No postcranial. Bipedal (foramen magnum). Shared derived dental traits. Thick enamel. Small canines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primitive apelike teeth/sm brain sizes. Bipedal. Lived around woodlands of E. Africa. Dated 6 mya. Thick molar enamel that was thicker than apes, also a hominine. Located in W. Kenya (E. African Rift Valley). Founded in 2001. Fragmentary remains. Sm teeth than australopithecines. Maybe bipedal arboreal. Contested Martin pickford battles Richard Leakey. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is very old. 5.5 mya. Location middle aswasn, Ethiopia. Is apelike from either the human or chimp branch. Thick enamel based on one toe bone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dated 4.4 mya. Thin molar enamel, relatively lg canines, forward placed foramen magnum, hominine. Location Ethiopia. Is chimpanzee sized. 4’0” tall. Brain 300-350 cc. Bipedal and a forest dweller. Tim White? |
|
|
Term
| Australopithecus anamenis |
|
Definition
| Dated 4mya. Location E. Africa. Lg molars w/ thick enamel, relatively lg canines (reduced) & sectorial premolar, likely bipedal with no opposable toe, long arms. Earliest australopithecine. Sexual dimorphism, clearly a hominid. Extinction predation & maybe predessor of A. afarensis. |
|
|
Term
| Australopithecus afarensis |
|
Definition
| dated 3.5 mya. Known as “LUCY.” (Al-288-1). One of the best known species. Sexually dimorphic. 3’6-3’5 ft tall. Brain size 400 cc. “FIRST FAMILY.” Human teeth & Chimp skull. Lartoil? Lucy does not have a skull. Lg molars w/ thick enamel, lg canines and semisectorial premolar, likely biped, long arms. Discovered by Don Johansen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dated 3.5-3.2 mya. Location E. Africa. Single cranium, sm teeth, thick enamel. Shaking the human family tree. Sm braincase& molar. Nicknamed “Flat-faced man. Founded near Lake Turkana in Kenya. |
|
|
Term
| Australopithecus bahrelghazali |
|
Definition
| Dated 3mya. Founded in Chad near australopithecines in 1993. Location N. Central Africa. Mandible fragment only. Similar dentition to A. afarensis. Mystery because there was no other hominids nearby. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dated 2.7 mya. Ultimate in robusticity. Huge posterior teeth. Sm anterior teeth. Thick Enamel. Descended from P. Boisei (Zinj). Wt-1700. Black skull is the earliest representative of the robust group. Compound crest in back of skull. Fossils show several primitive traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Co exists w/ P.boisei. Most primitive species w/ the genus Homo. Lived side by side w/ P.boisei & P. robustus First described in 1964 from a fossil (OH7) @ Olduvi, Gorge but was also cited @ Sterkfontein. Dated 2.5 mya. Shows first evidence of brain expansion beyond ape range. Compared to Australopithecus. Is known as (sensu stricto) because of H. habilis + H. rudolfensis. Louis leakey founded & named it. Nickname ‘Handy man.” Also known as (sensu lato). KNM-ER 1813. Brain 510cc. has tooth reduction. Is 1.9 mya older than H. erectus. Revision by Bernard Wood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dated 2.5-1.7 mya. Is an early, African, Homo erectus. |
|
|
Term
| Australopithecus africanus |
|
Definition
| Dated 2.5 mya. “Taung Child”. Discovered by Raymond Dart. Skull “Mrs. Ples.” Brain 500cc. Gave rise to robust australopithecines. Larger teeth than the homo/chimp like teeth. Location S. Africa. Fossils of species both found @ Sterkfontein and Makapansgat. Lived in limestone caves difficult to date. Called “Gracile” because skull is more lightly built and compared to the P. Robust species. Lg anterior teeth compared to its posterior teeth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dated 2.5 mya. “Surprise”. Single specimen. Location Ethiopia. Hyperdont gracile. Competitor w Homo. Found in association w/ stone tools and processed animal bones indicating that it ate meat. Discovered in 1996. Brain 450cc. Ancestral to H.habilis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dated 2.5 mya. Robust species found @ sites of Olduvai, gorge. Face is extremely robust. Lg thick mandible and extreme megadonty. Originally called Zinjanthropus. Discovered in 1959 by Mary Leakey. Brain 500cc. sexual dimorphism. Back molar teeth lg twice as much as humans. Referred to “Nut-Cracker Man”. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dated 2.4-1.6 mya. Nearly complete skull found in 1972@ lake turkana. Compared to H. habilis. Lg flat face. Brain 775 cc. KNM-ER 1470. Paranthropus like teeth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dated 2.3 mya. Found @ sites of Kromdraai and Swartkrans. Lg premolars and molars. Discovered in S. Africa 1938. had large sagittal crests, jaws, jaw muscles, and post-canine teeth that were adapted to serve in the dry environment that they lived in.Paranthropus robustus became the first "robust" species of hominid ever uncovered well before P. boisei and P. aethiopicus. Broom's first discovery of P. robustus had been the first discovery of a robust australopithecine and the second australopithecine after Australopithecus africanus, which Dart discovered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “Sinanthropus pekinensis”. Known as upright walking human. Dated 1.8 mya. Compared to modern humans. Thick cranial bone. Tooth enamel- thick relative to chimps and to Australopithecus. Bones of the skull were thick. Pronounced brow ridges. Brain 750 -1250cc. Maybe a new species of Homo georgicus after it moved towards asia just had geographical differences but still H. erectus. Was very stable. Eugene Dubois discovers it. Most importantly is that it moved out of Africa into other areas like Java, china, and Europe that provides basis for emergence of geographically and morphologically distinct lineages. Is like humans from neck down. Difference is limb bones are more robust, twice as thick as our own and muscle insertion areas are more emphasized. Developed Acheulean tradition “hand axe. Involved in activities modern humans do not pursue or do w/ less effort. 12 yr old “nariokotone boy would have been 6ft tall as adult. Were foragers (hunters and scavenged meat. Gathered a variety of wild plant foods. Controlled campfires and had adaptive traits w/ modern humans like terrestrial life, complex foraging technology, slow physical development and reduced sexual dimorphism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dated 600-200 kya. Required robust postcranial to accomplish several tasks. Brain size close to ours 1200cm. Low flat forehead. Tool use was Acheulean method until 300 kya then they created Levallois technique. Lived in open sites and caves but evidence that built temporary structures ranging from lean-tos to wooden huts. Used spears so means they used appropriate technology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A regional population that dated 600 -30 kya. Tool usage was Mousterian and later created Chatelperronian. Had a large tool kit but still used teeth just not as much. Tools were used with force and created the handle. Killed lg animals ate a lot of meat. Location Europe, W. Asia. Were heavily built to stay warm, short and stocky. Males 5ft 5 females 5ft3. Short bulky limbs to conserve heat. Adapted to the cold climate in which they survived the Ice age. Larger brains than humans 1500cc. Cranium was long and low from front to back. Had upper and lower anterior teeth that were worn from processing animal hides. Were robust and had large noses. Lived brutal lives died by 45 had skull fractures so maybe cannibalism. Had to adapt to competition and to the social environment as well. Had a hycid bone that may mean language. Tongue maybe. Had burials and which they were first hominins to do so, and also used fire. Were unable to adapt and compete. Did not build shelters but lived in caves or rock shelters and gathered in settlements. Maybe made clothing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First appeared 160 kya evolving from archaic humans likely from H. heidelbergenesis. “Anatomically modern.” Well rounded skull and a noticeable chin. Cranially forehead is vertical and face is flat, skull bulges, occipital is rounded and has external chin. Brain size is 1350 cc. Decreased in bone size and thickness more to do w/ less reliance on bodily strength and more on culture, especially technology in everyday tasks. Tool kit made of blades in 90 kya. Constructed elaborate shelters and made clothing, created art, ornamentation and performed ritual burials and practiced forms of symbolic expressions. |
|
|
