Term
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Definition
| the first & larger group of motor nuclei of the basal ganglia; includes two principle nuclei (caudate & putamen) |
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Term
| What two principle nuclei are located in the corpus striatum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the corpus striatum the "striped body"? |
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Definition
| the caudate & the dorsal part of the putamen are joined by slender bridges of gray matter that extend through the internal capsule & confer a striped appearance in parasagittal sections through this area |
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Term
| The two subdivisions of the corpus striatum comprise the _____ of the basal ganglia, their neurons being the destinations of most of the pathways that reach this complex from other parts of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a class of cells in the corpus striatum whose dendrites are the destinations of the incoming axons from the cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| where the axons arising from the medium spiny neurons converge |
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Term
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Definition
| globus pallidus & substantia nigra pars reticula |
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Term
| The globus pallidus & substantia nigra pars reticula are the main sources of _____ from the basal ganglia complex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all of the projections from the cerebral cortex that project directly to the corpus striatum; travels through subcortical white matter on its way to the caudate & putamen |
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Term
| The discharges of some striatal neurons vary according to the location in space of the _____ of a movement, rather than with the starting position of the limb relative to the destination |
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Definition
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Term
| The activity of striatal cells may encode the _____ toward a goal rather than the direction & amplitude of the actual movement necessary to reach the goal |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the globus pallidus the "pale body"? |
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Definition
| the appearance of the large number of myelinated axons in this nucleus |
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Term
| Where does the name "pars reticula" come from? |
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Definition
| unlike the pars compacta, axons passing through give it a netlike appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| the medial division of the globus pallidus in which the pathway to the cortex arises |
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Term
| The pathway to the cortex arises primarily in the medial division of the globus pallidus & reaches the motor cortex via a relay in the _____ & _____ of the thalamus |
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Definition
| ventral anterior & ventral lateral nuclei |
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Term
| Because the efferent cells of both the globus pallidus & substantia nigra pars reticula are GABAergic, the main output of the basal ganglia is _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| When the pallidal cells are inhibited by activation of the medium spiny neurons, the thalamic neurons are _____ & can relay impulses to the upper motor neurons in the cortex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the lateral division of the globus pallidus; in the indirect pathway, a distinct population of medium spiny neurons project here |
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Term
| The external segment of the globus pallidus sends projections to both the adjacent internal segment & the _____ of the ventral thalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| The indirect pathway _____ the activity of the direct pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| D1 receptors mediate the activation of G-proteins that _____ cAMP |
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Definition
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Term
| D2 receptors act through G-proteins that _____ cAMP |
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Definition
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Term
| Parkinson's disease is caused by _____ |
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Definition
| the loss of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons |
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Term
| Many of the symptoms seen in _____ movement disorders reflect a failure of the disinhibtion normally mediated by the basal ganglia |
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Definition
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Term
| Huntington's disease is an example of a _____ movement disorder |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a basal ganglia syndrome; characterized by violent involuntary movements of the limbs; result of damage to the subthalamic nucleus |
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