type of apicomplexa with medical and veterinary importance

include Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Eimeria, and plasmodium

no external organelles for locomotion

Apical complex containing 2 apical rings, a conoid (a truncated cone with spiral filaments), a polar wing (connects ends of microtubules), and rhoptries and micronemes (secretory vesicles)

Gamete- undergos sexual repro to form zygote

Zygote- undergoes sporogony (asexual meiosis)

Sporozoite- stage of infection, divides by merogony

Merozoite- forms gametes, increases number of infected cells

includes Monocystis lumbricoides (a pseudo-parasite)

apicomplexa

infects earthworms, seen in worm predators

• Brush borders of epithelia

– Just under free-surface membrane

• Oocyst in feces

• ComplicationswithAIDSpatients

– Prolific watery diarrhea

• 6-25X/day

• 1-17 liters/day

small, Prevalentintracellular reproduction, often monoxeous

Habitats: digestive tract, epithelium, liver, kidneys,blood cells

Typical Apicomplexan Life Cycle

monoxenous between chickens

lives within intestines

causes huge losses for poultry farmers

infection occurs when ingested sporulated oocysts

Merozooiteemergencefromcellscauses tissuedamage 

Symptoms: Bloody diarrhea, Sloughing of epithelium, Sometimesdeath

ID: 4 sporozooites within oocyst

When daughter cell consumes mother cell

Family Sarcocystidae

Toxoplasma gondii

Family Sarcocystidae

Intracellular parasite in cytoplasm

Domestic Cats- DH, in intestines and epithelium

Other vertabrates- IH, extra-intestinal, mice infections cause mouse to be attracted to cat

usually asymptomatic in humans

Acute:Painful swollen lymph glands (Fever, headache, muscle pain, anemia)

Subacute: Tachyzooites continue destroying cells (Lesions in lung, liver, brain, and eyes)

Tachyzoiteprod.slows

Zoitocysts form

Bradyzoitedeath (Inflammatory response, Chronicencephalitis -cyst rupture inbrain)

Spastic Paralysis (Blindness because of  cystsin retina)Myocarditis= cysts in heart

Plasmodium falciparum

 P. vivax

P. ovale

P. malariae

sporozoites are injected by Anopheles bite

Sporozoites enter hepatocytes (liver) in 2 days

Entryinto hepatocyte initiates asexual reproduction

Within hepatocyte metamorphose -> trophozoites

Trophozoite begins schizogany-> Schizont

Merozoites Penetrate erythrocytes in blood

Back to trophozoite stage for feeding

Initiates the erythrocytic cycle

Erythrociticschizogony(Merogony)

Host Cells rupture when merozoites are developed

Symptoms arise as result of parasite's metabolic waste

recurrent feveres every few hours to days

most pathogenic and responsible for death

ID by ring stage, trophozoites in capillaries

No relapse

Recrudescence

Tropical areas- Sub-Saharan Africa

reoccurance if blood stages of organisms are at low levels

no preerythroctic stages involved. parasite remains in blood

classical relapsing malaria

48 hour interval fevers

all stages present in peripheal circulation

Asia

trophozoites in RBC

Amoeboid cytoplasm

mature trophozoite within cell

can last 30-53 years with fever every three days

less intense infection

No relapse, but recrudescence

trophozoites- small rings with a single dot of chromatin, may have a band

Tertian fever- fever every two days

tropical Africa onlly

relapses

RBC enlarges, ovalized

trophozoites have compact cytoplasm and large nucleus

very pathogenic

amebic dysentery

infection via cyst ingestion

invades colon

trophozoites can enter blood steam and infect other organs

Cyst: 1-4 nuclei

Trophozoite: narrow pseudopods

Cause of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

rapidly fatal

children infected by trophozoites entering nasal pasages

migrate vis olfactory nerves

Associated with corneal trauma

exposure to freshwater

ID: red cell with thick red nucleus

ciliate

usually non-pathogenic

occasionally causes ulcers

Balantidial dyssentery

Tapeworms

Scolex= head region with suckers or hooks

contains proglottods

hermaphrodite

absord nutrients from host's digestive tract

review other details in notes

Fishtapeworm in human GI tract

may cause megaloblastic anemia

sometimes gastric distress and diarrhea

consumes vitamin B12

usually a non-pathogenic cat parasite

zoonic with humans