Term
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Definition
Common name: Nodular Worm
Hosts: ruminants (trichostrongyle) and pigs (strongyle)
Predilection Site: cecum and colon
Pathology: enteritis and colitis (due to purulent larval nodules). Can result in severe hypoproteinmia and dehydration. Condemnation of intestinal tract.
Transmission: PO of larvae (travel through intestinal wall) |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: BarberPole Worm
Hosts: Ruminants
Predilection Site: Abomasum
Prepatent Period: 2-4wks (extended for a few months if abomasal hypobiosis occurs)
Pathology: Extreme blood loss, hemorrhagic gastritis due to haemonchiasis, bottle jaw, anemia, diarrhea, melena (these are prolific blood suckers)
Transmission: PO of larvae (then direct to predilection site) |
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Term
| Ostertagia & Teladorsagia |
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Definition
Common Name: Brown Stomach Worm
Osterragia Hosts: Cattle
Teladorsagia Hosts: Sheep & Goats
Predilection Site: Abomasum
Prepatent Period: 3-4wks (extend up to 6 months if abomasal hypobiosis occurs, pasture hypobiosis also possible)
Pathology: Extreme blood loss & Scours, bottle jaw, melena (these are prolific blood suckers)
Transmission: PO of larvae (then direct to predilection site)
Special Note: Marked periparturient egg rise in pregnant animals |
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Term
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Definition
Hosts: Horses & Donkeys
Adult Predilection Site: Cecum & Colon
Larval Predilection Site: Cranial mesenteric artery (in arterial wall)
Prepatent Period: 6-7 months (a long time to migrate)
Pathology: Ischemic colic, colitis & blood loss, verminous arteritis
Transmission: PO of larvae (then arterial migration) |
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Term
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Definition
Hosts: Pigs
Predilection Site: Stomach
Prepatent Period: 3-4wks
Pathology: Gastritis, possibly vomiting, diarrhea, anemia and melena
Transmission: PO of larvae (then direct to predilection site, stomach hypobiosis possible)
Special Note: Though we are not a host, if we ingest this we can have some clinical signs |
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Term
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Definition
Hosts: Ruminants, horses, pigs, rabbits, and fowl
Predilection Site: Small Intestine for rabbits & fowl, Stomach for ruminants, horses, & pigs
Prepatent Period: 2-4wks
Pathology: Enteritis, gastritis, scours (protein loss and blood loss, violent emergence into the GI lumen will result in protein loss and some hemorrhage)
Transmission: PO of larvae (then direct to predilection site, pasture hypobiosis possible)
Special Note: adults are non-bloodsucking, larvae & juveniles cause disease, and you can't control this parasite with alternate grazing |
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Term
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Definition
Hosts: Ruminants
Predilection Site: Small Intestine
Prepatent Period: about 2wks
Pathology: severe enteritis & scours (enteritis from larval activity, can cause hyperplastic intestines)
Transmission: PO of larvae (then direct to predilection site, pasture hypobiosis required)
Special Note: adults are non-bloodsucking, larvae survive up to 2yrs on pasture, therefore we can't use alternate grazing nor pasture rotation to control this parasite |
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Term
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Definition
Hosts: Ruminants
Predilection Site: Small Intestine
Prepatent Period: 1-2 months (1 month if transmitted by mouth, 2 months if transmitted percutaneous due to tracheal migration)
Pathology: Severe blood loss, dermatitis (usually percutaneous interdigital), diarrhea, respiratory disease
Special Note: we can use alternate grazing with cattle and small ruminants to control adult infestations |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: Hookworm
Hosts: dogs, cats, & wild canids
Predilection Site: Small Intestine
Transmission: PO (larvae), transmammary, percutaneous
Prepatent Period: 2-3wks
Pathology: Severe blood loss, diarrhea, melena, respiratory disease (due to tracheal migration), and dermatitis
Special Notes: zoonoses by cutaneous larval migrans (creeping eruption) |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: dogs, cats, wild canids
Predilection Site: Small Intestine
Prepatent Period: 2wks
Transmission: PO (larvae), percutaneous (rarely achieves patency)
Pathology: blood loss (not as severe as ancylostoma), dermatitis, melena, diarrhea
Special Note: Interceptor and Sentinel does not effectively control this hookworm. Has no somatic reservoir which limits transmission, so it is not as commonly seen at Ancylostoma |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: Stomach Worms
Definitive Hosts: dogs, cats, wild carnivores
Intermediate Host: beetles, cockroaches and crickets
Adult Predilection Site: stomach (larvated ova passed in feces)
Pathology: asymptomatic to gastritis & emesis |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: Stomach Worms
Definitive Host: horse
Intermediate Host: musket, house, and blow flies
Adult Predilection Site: stomach
Pathology: gastritis & cutaneous habronemiasis (summer sores) |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: Whipworm
Definitive Hosts: all (even humans, however rare in cats and cattle)
Predilection Site: cecum & colon (attach to lumen and suck blood, intermittent egg-production)
Transmission: ova become infective in the environment and are ingested
Pathology: asymptomatic to intermittent large bowl diarrhea
Transmission: PO of infected Ova (then direct to predilection site, intermittent egg layers) |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: pinworm
Definitive Site: colon & rectum (unique female activity)
Pathology: perineal pruritus (rare colitis)
Transmission: PO of infected Ova (then direct to predilection site) |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: threadworm
Definitive Hosts: all (rare in cats)
Adult Predilection Site: small intestine, exclusive female population (travels via tracheal or somatic migration)
Transmission: PO of larvae, percutaneous, transmammary (somatic reservoir), autoinfection
Pathology: chronic (decades/life) in humans (enteritis), pulmonary signs, dermatitis |
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Term
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Definition
Definitive Hosts: all omnivores & carnivores (pigs/people most important)
Intermediate Hosts: all omnivores & carnivores
Adult Predilection Site: small intestine (viviparous females, travels directly to site)
Larval Predilection Site: muscle
Transmission: PO (larval infected meat)
Prepatent Period: 3-5 days
Pathology: enteritis & myositis & pyrexia
Control: In pigs prevent tail biting, don't feed uncooked meat scraps, routine anthelmintic therapy. For humans freeze pork and wild game, fully cook pork and wild game. Caution with dried and smoked pork and game. |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: lungworms
Definitive Host: pigs
Intermediate Host: earthworm
Predilection Site: small bronchi & broncholi
Prepatent Period: 4 weeks (larvated eggs passed, hatch environmentally)
Pathology: bronchitis
Transmission: PO of intermediate host (then lymphatic vascular migration) |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: lungworms
Definitive Hosts: ruminants and equine (viviparus species deadly in cattle and deer)
Predilection Site: trachea & bronchi
Prepatent Period: 3-4 weeks (larvated eggs passed and hatch immediately, use Baerman technique to diagnose)
Pathology: bronchitis, death (donkeys tend to be asymptomatic, horses can be asymptomatic or have severe bronchitis)
Transmission: PO of larvae (then lymphatic vascular migration to predilection site) |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: heartworm
Lifecyle: mosquito bites infected dog with patent infection --> microfilaria go through stages L1-L3 for 8-28days in mosquito --> bites another dog and microfilaria use somatic migration from site to heart, go through stages L3-L4 for about 100days (these are the stages where preventives work) --> juvenile development in heart for about 70-100days --> patent infection 6-7 months after bite
Heartworm testing: based on exposure
-6 months after last possible exposure
-in Michigan, April or May of following year
-before initiating new season of preventive (anaphylaxis potential)
-No testing necessary in puppies, initiate preventive ASAP (6-8wks of age) |
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Term
| Ways to Diagnose and Treat/prevent Heartworm? |
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Definition
Diagnostics:
-Elisa
-Antigen in dogs
-Antibody in cats
-Modified Knott's for microfilaria differentiation (dirofilaria vs. dipetalonema)
Treatment:
-surgery (caval syndrome/cardiogenic shock, jugular vein surgical approach)
-adulticide (extreme risk of pulmonary embolism, severe restriction for 6-8wks post treatment)
-microfilaricide (risk of allergic reactions, necessary to eliminate reservoir)
-prevention (active ingredients avermectins and milbemycin oxime) |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: guinea worm
Definitive Hosts: carnivores/omnivores
Intermediate Hosts: Cyclops
Predilection Site: SQ (distal extremities), travels by lymphatic or SQ tissues
Prepatent Period: 1 year
Pathology: non healing dermal wounds that open when wet
Special Note: if worm dies while in hosts or breaks it causes anaphylactic shock, tend to see in raccoons |
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Term
| Parelaphostrongylus Tenuis |
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Definition
Common Name: meningeal worm
Definitive Hosts: white tail deer
Intermediate Hosts: snails & slugs
Predilection Site: subdural space in white tail deer, CNS tissue of other ruminants
Special Note: larvae passed in feces of white tailed deer only, can't grow into reproducing adults within ruminants |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: giant kidney worm
Definitive Host: carnivores
Intermediate Host: annelid worms
Paratenic Host: fish and frogs
Predilection Site: renal pelvis
Pathology: nephropathy (extreme renal disease)
Transmission: PO of intermediate or paratenic host
Special Note: diagnose with urinalysis |
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Term
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Definition
Definitive Hosts: cattle and horses
Intermediate Hosts: mosquito (blood borne microfilaria)
Predilection Site: peritoneal cavity, occasionally thoracic cavity
Pathology: asymptomatic (rare CNS or ocular disease) |
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Term
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Definition
Definitive Hosts: dogs & cats
Predilection Site: lungs (aerophila), nasal (bohmi), or bladder (plica)
Intermediate Hosts: earthworm in Plica species, none for Aerophila or Bohmi
Pathology: plica is generally asymptomatic, aerophila and bohmi involve sneezing and minor cough |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: roundworm
Definitive Host: horses and donkey
Transmission: PO of infective Ova (then tracheal migration)
Prepatent period: 2.5 months
Predilection Site: small intestine
Pathology: unthriftiness, colic due to obstruction, pulmonary signs (due to the parasite bursting through alveoli), hepatic damage can occur
Special Note: deworm horses less than or equal to 2months of age, keep stalls and mare clean, pasture rotation won't help due to the sticky/hardy shells of the ova |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: roundworm
Predilection Site: small intestine
Definitive Hosts: pigs
Paratenic Hosts: Earthworm and dung beetle
Transmission: PO of infected Ova or paratentic hosts (then tracheal migration)
Prepatent period: 2 months
Pathology: unthriftiness, hepatic (biliary obstruction, milk spots) & pulmonary (verminous pneumonia) signs, enteric obstruction
Special Note: strict sanitation and hygiene of stalls, crates, and sows (due to sticky/hardy ova), deworm piglets less than or equal to 2 months of age |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: roundworm
Definitive Host: dog
Predilection Site: small intestine
Paratenic Hosts: small mammals and birds
Transmission: PO of infected ova, paratenic host, transmammary, transplacental (then tracheal or somatic migration, also age dependent after transmission, can be infected with arrested ova)
Pathology: unthrifitness, diarrhea, pulmonary signs (verminous pneumonia), enteritis, asymptomatic in adult dogs
Special Note: preventives ASAP, once adults are controlled then put on heartworm preventive. Proper elimination of feces, use strict hygiene and sanitation measures.
Zoonoses: visceral larval migration (ocular pathology common) |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: roundworm
Definitive Host: cat
Predilection Site: small intestine
Paratenic Host: small mammals, birds
Transmission: PO of infected ova, paratenic host, transmammary (then tracheal migration with infected ova only, or somatic migration)
Pathology: unthriftiness, diarrhea, pulmonary signs
Zoonoses: visceral larval migration |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: roundworm
Definitive Host: raccoon and dog
Incidental Host: small mammals, birds, and humans
Transmission: PO of infected ova or incidental host (somatic/visceral migration)
Pathology: unthriftiness, CNS signs or extreme neurologic disorder
Zoonoses: visceral larval migration, prefers CNS tissue
Special Note: larvae grow as the migrate, avoid raccoon poop, wash produce, deworm positive dogs and do a recheck fecal to make sure if they have a patent infection or not |
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Term
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Definition
Common Name: roundworm
Definitive Host: dog and cat
Predilection Site: small intestine
Paratenic Host: rodents (any small mammals or birds)
Transmission: PO of infected ova or paratenic host (then direct to predilection site)
Prepatent period: 2-2.5 months
Pathology: unthriftiness and diarrhea
Special Note: easier to get rid of since it does not have a sticky shell, also may soon be extinct. |
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