Trypanosoma brucei brucei

-Nagana - Livestock disease

-anemia, adema, watery eyes, runny nose, fever, uncoordination, paralysis, death

-Tsetse fly, Glossina sp.

-Control vector

-cut low brush, eliminate reservoirs, spray insecticides

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

-West African Trypanosomiasis

-Chronic

-Blood smear/serologic tests

-IV Arsenic

Trypanosoma equiperdum

-Morphologically same as T.b.

-Causes dourine in horses and donkeys

-genital adema, depigmentation, eventually death by paralysis

-Venereal

Trypanosoma cruzi

-Causes Chaga's disease

-chagoma (red sore), Romana's sign (swollen eye)

-Reduvidae spp. vector

-Found Mexico through South Am.

-Blood smear

-Pseudocysts burst

-releasing toxins, causing immune response, leading to necrosis

-Trypomastigotes picked up by feeding Reduvid

-Become epimastigotes in midgut, reproduce

-Infective trypomastigotes in 10 days

-Enter vertabrate host as Reduvid feeds

-Phagocitized by monocytes

-become amastigotes, multiply, monocyte bursts, releases trypomastigotes

-Trypomastigotes travel around body, forming pseudocysts that burst, causing muscle and nerve damage

-picked up by feeding Reduvid

Trypanosoma cruzi

Cycle

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

-East African Trypanosomiasis

-Winterbottom's sign

-Blood smear/Serologic tests

-IV arsenic

-Control vector

Trypanosoma lewisi

-Host: Rat

-Vector: rat flea, Nosophyllus fasciatus

-Rats produce ablastin, an antibody that inhibits reproduction of trypomastigotes

-Promastigotes transferred by sandfly to host

-enter reticuloendothelial tissues of liver and spleen

-become amastigotes

-Amastigotes are released and circulate, some enter other cells

-picked up by sandfly when feeding

-Replicate as promastigotes in mid and hindgut

-Promastigotes move to esophagus and are infective

Leishmania

Cycle

Leishmania tropica

-Causes Oriental sore, cutaneous leishmaniasis

-Africa, India, Middle East

-Skin scrapings for amastigotes

-Antimony drugs

-interfere with reproduction of parasite

-immune system will overcome in about a year

Leishmania donovani

-Visceral leishmaniasis

-kala-azar, Dum Dum fever

-hepato- and splenomegaly (enlarged stomach due to over production of replacement tissue in spleen and liver)

-anemia, macrophage destruction

-death occurs through secondary infection

-Africa, India, Middle East, Russia, China, Mediterranean, Central and South Am.

-Spleen biopsy for LD bodies

-Antimony drugs

Leishmania braziliensis

-Central Mexico to Northern Argentina

-Secondary lesion called espundia or uta

-Death by secondary infection or respiratory problems

-Antimony drugs

Leishmania mexicana

-Mexico, Northern Argentina, Texas

-Secondary ear lesion called chiclero ulcer

-LD bodies

-Antimony

Chilomastix mesnili

-Commensal of colon

-trophs found in colon or loose stools

-Anterior nucleus and cytostome

-Encysts as feces dries

-Host ingests cysts in water

-Become troph after stomach

Chilomastix mesnili

Cyst

Giardia lamblia

-Most common intestinal flagellate of humans

-Trophs in small intestine

-Four pairs of flagella

-Suction cup form

-Giardiasis

-more of a problem for children than adults

-interferes with fat absorption

-jaundice - bilirubin

-Reservoirs - bears, beavers, dogs, cats, sheep

-Cysts or trophs in stool

Entameoba histolytica

-Dysentary

-intestinal lesions, hepatic amebiasis, pulmonary amebiasis, cutaneous amebiasis

-Fecally contaminated food or water

-Musca domestica - filth fly

-Fecal for trophs or cysts

-Several drugs will help

Entameoba coli

-Most common intestinal ameba of humans

-Commensal

-Eccentric endosome

-Jagged chromatoid bars

-8-16 nuclei in metacyst

Endolimax nana

-Commensal of cecum

-Half the size of E. hystolitica

-Variably placed, large endosome

-Clear around endosome

-Up to 4 nuclei in metacysts

Iodameoba beutschlii

-Commensal of colon

-sometimes associated with ectopic lesions

-Large endosome

-no chromatin

-Cysts

-single nucleus and glycogen vacuole

Naegleria fowleri

-Primary amebic meningioencephalitis

-Normally a soil ameba

-Flagellate in contaminated water

-Forced up nose into nasal passages, moves up cribriform plate to brain

Monocystis lumbrici

-Earthworm parasite

-Acephaline or cephaline

-Protomerite

-'head' end

-Deuteromerite

-'body' end

Gregarina spp.

-Common in mealworms

-Protomerite and deuteromerite

Haemogregarina spp.

-Parasite of turtles and frogs

-Leech invert host

Eimeria tenella

-Coccidiosis

-cell destruction, blood loss, blood may clot and clog

-partial immunity if survived

-Intracellular parasite of chicken cecum

-Sporonts exit with stool

-sporont divides into 4 sporocysts, each sporocysts with 2 sporozoites

Isospora spp.

-Similar to E. tenella but 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites

-Mainly found in carnivores

-Rats or mice can serve as vector to carnivores

Toxoplasma gondii

-Toxoplasmosis

-usually not a problem for adult cats

-can lead to encephalitis, paralysis or blindness

-most human cases are asymptomatic; except immuno-suppressed patients

-Cats are definitive host, can be humans

-Tachyzoites prefer brain, nervous system, heart and skeletal muscle

-Congenital

-birth defects or stillbirth

-Contracted through contact with:

-flies, sandboxes, transfusions, transplants

Plasmodium vivax

-Benign tertiary malaria

-refers to 3rd day after infection patient shows symptoms

-Microgametes smaller, about half as common

-Merozoites only attack young RBCs, therefore benign

Plasmodium falciparum

-Malignant tertian malaria

-enters all RBCs, so malignant

-Tropical climates

-50% of all human malaria

-Only one extra eurythrocytic (EE) stage

-Maurer's spots

-About 50% of human malaria

-Merozoites can reenter RBCs

-infects up to 65% of RBCs, 25% is fatal

-Sometimes see more than one in RBC

Plasmodium malariae

-Quartian malaria

-after 72 hours host exhibits symptoms

-Tropical, but spotty

-Only infects old RBCs

-Band form in later trophs

-Both macro- and microgametes fill RBC

-About 7% of human malaria

Plasmodium ovale

-Mild tertian malaria

-Mainly in tropics

-<5% of human malaria

-More than one EE stage

Babesia bigemina

-Cattle tick fever/Texas red-water fever

-fever, malaise, hemoglobin in urine

-Unexposed adults at worst risk

-75% of RBCs can be destroyed

-If survived, some immunity

-Disease spread by transovarial transmission

Balantidium coli

-Largest protozoan parasite of humans

-rarely found in humans

-Usually commensal, sometimes pathogenesis similar to E. hystolytica

-Common in pigs

Hexamita meleagridis

-Hexamitosis or infectious catarrhal enteritis in turkeys

-More of a problem in young birds than old

-No adequate treatment

Trichomonas tenax

-Commensal in mouth

-Four anterior flagella

-fifth posterior associated with undulating membrane

Trichomonas vaginalis

-Venereal

-vagina, urethra, prostate

-urethritis, inflammation, discharge

-Trophs in discharge

-Oral drugs, both partners

Pentatrichomonas hominis

-Second most common intestinal flagellate of humans

-Commensal

-indicates fecally contaminated water

-Only trophs

-5 anterior flagella

-undulating membrane flagella is free beyond membrane

Histomonas meleagridis

-Chickens and turkeys

-peritonitis

-blackhead symptom

-Infectious enterohepatitis or histomoniasis

-Several trophs, no cyst

-One flagellum, four kinetosomes

-Early in cecum, later in liver

-Transmitted:

-foods that raise stomach pH

-in eggs of nematode Heterakis gallinarum (definitive host)

-H. gallinarum eggs eaten by earthworm (paratenic host), earthworm eaten by bird

-Don't raise chickens and turkeys together

-raise away from droppings

Dientameoba fragilis

-Commensal of cecum (usually)

-No flagellum, use pseudopodia

-Two nuclei

-No cyst

-Transmission

-trophs destroyed by gastric juices

-maybe passed in eggs of nematode pinworm, Enterobius vermicularis

Sarcocystis spp.