Term
| E. harmanni, E. coli, E. nana, and Iodamoeba buetschlii are ALL |
|
Definition
| Nonpathogenic intestinal amoebae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathogenic intestinal amoebae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opportunistic and pathogenic tissue amoebae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opportunistic and pathogenic tissue amoebae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Life cycle of Amoebae and Ciliates |
|
Definition
Binary fission
Cyst
Trophozoite |
|
|
Term
Growth and feeding stage
Motile
Reproductive stage
May be transmissible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Resistant and Transmissible
Non-motile
Excystation - transfromation
Not found in all protozoa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High prevalence rate in the tropics - amoebae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
# of nuclei: 1, 2, or 4
Peripheral chromatin: smooth, evenly distributed
Karyosome: small and central
Chromatoidal Bar: rounded; cigar-shaped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
# of Nuclei: 1
Peripheral chromatin: smooth
Karyosome: small and central
Cytoplasm: Ingested RBCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motility: Unidirectional; purposeful motility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| E. histolytica method of infection |
|
Definition
| Ingest infective cyst through contaminated food, water, formite, or vector (fly). Sexual transmission from feces |
|
|
Term
| E. histolytica method of diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify cysts and trophs in stool or serology |
|
|
Term
| E. histolytica Symptoms/Diseases |
|
Definition
Extraintestinal amebiasis
Amebic dysentery |
|
|
Term
| Method of infection for E. hartmanni, E. coli, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba buetschlii |
|
Definition
| Ingest infective cyst through contaminated food, water, formite, or vector (fly) |
|
|
Term
| Method of diagnosis for E. hartmanni, E. coli, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba buetschlii |
|
Definition
| Identify cysts and trophs in stool |
|
|
Term
Nuclear appearance: Small central karyosome
Number of nuclei: 1-4
Peripheral chromatin: Evenly distributed
Chromatoidal bars: cigar shaped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nuclear appearance: Eccentric karyosome
Number of nuclei: 1-8
Peripheral Chromatin: unevenly distributed
Chromatioidal bar: splintered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nuclear appearance: Large, atypical karyosome; can be shaped like a bar, band, or triangle
Number of Nuclei: 1-4
Peripheral Chromatin: None
Chromotoidal Bars: None |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nuclear appearance: Large irregular karyosome; cloudy karyosome space; Large glycogen vacuole
Number of Nuclei: 1
Peripheral chromatin: None
Chromatiodal Bars: None |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nuclear appearance: Small central karyosome
Number of nuclei: 1
Peripheral chromatin: Evenly distributed
Cytoplasm: No RBCs
Motility: Sluggish |
|
Definition
| Entamoeba hartmanni Troph |
|
|
Term
Nuclear appearance: small eccentric karyosome
Number of nuclei: 1
Peripheral chromatin: unevenly distributed
Cytoplasm: Ingested Bacteria
Motility: Sluggish |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nuclear appearance: Large atypical karyosome; can be shaped like a bar, band, or triangle; clear karyolymph space
Number of nuclei: 1
Peripheral chromatin: None
Cytoplasm: Smooth
Motility: Sluggish |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nuclear appearance: Large, irregular kayrosome; cloudy karyolymph space
Number of Nuclei: 1
Peripheral chromatin: None
Cytoplasm: Vacuolated; contains debris
Motility: Sluggish |
|
Definition
| Iodamoeba butschlii Troph |
|
|
Term
Free-living organism: warm fresh water
Ameboflagellate - can alternate between amoeba and flagellate forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Granular cytoplasm
Vacuolated
1 Nucleus with large dense karyosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Naegleria fowleri Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Inhalation of troph from infected water (swimming) |
|
|
Term
| Naegleria fowleri Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify troph in CSF and brain tissue |
|
|
Term
| Naegleria fowleri Symptoms/Disease |
|
Definition
| Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) |
|
|
Term
| Free-living organism: soil and fresh water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cyst morphology:
Wrinkled outer wall
Hexagonal inner wall
1 Large nucleus with ink-blot karyosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Troph Morphology:
Pleomorphic
Acanthapodia
Vaculoated
1 Large Nucleus with ink-blood karyosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acanthamoebia species Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Inhalation of trophs through contaminated dust, invasion of broken skin, or mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| Acanthamoebia species Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify cysts and trophs from brain biopsy or corneal scrapings |
|
|
Term
| Acanthamoebia species Symptoms/Disease |
|
Definition
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
Amebic keratitis |
|
|
Term
| Largest parasitic protozoa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cyst morphology:
Macronucleus: day to day function
Micronucleus: cellular division
Presence of vacuoles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Troph morphology:
Macronucleus and micronucleus
Vacuolated cytoplasm
Oral cavity = cytosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Balantidium coli Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Ingest infective cyst through contaminated food or water |
|
|
Term
| Balantidium coli Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify ciliated cysts and trophs in stool |
|
|
Term
Trypanosoma brucei species
Trypanosoma cruzi
Leishmania species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Giardia intestinalis
Dientamoeba fragilis |
|
Definition
| Pathogenic Intestinal flagellates |
|
|
Term
Chilomastix mesnili
Trichomonas hominis |
|
Definition
| Nonpathogenic Intestinal flagellates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathogenic Urogenital flagellate |
|
|
Term
| What type of host are humans to Trichomonas vaginalis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Trophozoite morphology:
# of Nuclei: 1
No peripheral chromatin
small karyosome
# of Flagella: 4 anterior
Undulating membrane
Axostyle
Motility: Jerky |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Method of Infection of Trichomonas vaginalis |
|
Definition
| Sexual transmission of trophozoites |
|
|
Term
| Trichomonas vaginalis Method of Diagnosis (Females) |
|
Definition
Direct Wet Mount - Identify Troph
-vaginal scrapings, urethral discharge, urine sediment |
|
|
Term
| Trichomonas vaginalis Method of Diagnosis (Males) |
|
Definition
Direct Wet Mount - Identify Troph
-semen, urethral discharge, urine sediment |
|
|
Term
Cyst morphology:
Number of Nuclei: 2-4
No peripheral chromatin
Karyosome: large and central
2-4 axonemes and median bodies |
|
Definition
| Giardia intestinalis (lamblia) |
|
|
Term
Trophozoite Morphology:
Pear shaped; bilaterally symmetric
# of Nuclei: 2 Anterior
No peripheral chromatin
Karyosome: Large and central
# of Flagella: 8
2 Central axonemes and median bodies
Ventral disk: organelle for attachment to host |
|
Definition
| Giardia intestinalis (lamblia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Giardia intestinalis (lamblia) |
|
|
Term
| Giardia intestinalis Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Ingest infective cyst through contaminated water, food, formites, flies, as well as person to person contact |
|
|
Term
| Giardia intestinalis Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify cysts and trophs in stool or Serology |
|
|
Term
| Giardia intestinalis Symptoms/Diseases |
|
Definition
Travelers (backpackers) Diarrhea
Beaver Fever |
|
|
Term
| Chiolmastix mesnili Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Ingest cysts through contaminated food, water, or fecal-oral route |
|
|
Term
| Chilomastix mesnili Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify cysts and trophs in stool |
|
|
Term
Trophozoite morphology:
Undulating membrane extends full length of body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trichomonas hominis Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Ingest trophs through contaminated food, water, or fecal-oral route |
|
|
Term
| Trichomonas hominis Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Life cycle stages of Hemoflagellates |
|
Definition
Amastigotes
Promastigotes
Epimastigotes
Trypomastigotes |
|
|
Term
| Commonly observed as a co-infection with E. vermicularis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Trophozoite Morphology:
# of Nuclei: 2
No peripheral chromatin
Karyosome: Composed of 4-8 granules
Cytoplasm: contains RBCs, vacuoles, AND Bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motility: Non-purposeful (pseudopods) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dientamoeba fragilis Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Uncertain; Ingestion of trophozoite (fecal-oral route) or with the ingestion of E. vermicularis ova |
|
|
Term
| Dientamoeba fragilis Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the Hemoflagellate Life Cycle Stages |
|
Definition
Amastigote
Promastigote
Epimastigote
Trypomastigote |
|
|
Term
Intracellular form
No External flagellum
Posterior kinetoplast
Ecentric nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Free flagellum
Central nucleus
Anterior kinetoplast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Free flagellum
Undulating membrane (half body length)
Central nucleus
Juxtanuclear kinetoplast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Free flagellum
Undulating Membrane (full body length)
Central nucleus
Posterior kinetoplast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trypanosoma brucei species rhodesiense and gambiense |
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted by what vector? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Trypomastigote morphology:
"S" shaped
Central nucleus
Posterior kinetoplast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma brucei Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Infected tsetse fly bites human; trypomastigotes are deposited into bite from fly salivary glands |
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma brucei Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify "s" shaped trypomastigotes in peripheral blood, lymphatic fluid, or spinal fluid |
|
|
Term
| Where are you likely to find Trypansoma brucei trypomastigotes? |
|
Definition
| peripheral blood, lymphatic fluid, or spinal fluid |
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma brucei Symptoms/Disease |
|
Definition
African Sleeping Sickness
Winter bottom signs - large lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma brucei can invade the _____ in chronic cases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted by what vector? |
|
Definition
| Reduviid Bug (kissing bug) |
|
|
Term
Trypomastigote morphology:
"C" shaped
Central Nucleus
Prominent posterior kinetoplast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma cruzi Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Infected reduviid bug bites human and fecally contaminates wound; trypomastigotes are deposited into bite from bugs feces |
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma cruzi Method of Diagnosis: Acute infection |
|
Definition
| Identify "C" shaped trypomastigotes in peripheral blood or bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma cruzi Method of Diagnosis: Chronic infection |
|
Definition
| Identify amastigotes in muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma cruzi Symptoms/Disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma cruzi - where will you find the trypomastigotes? |
|
Definition
| peripheral blood or bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| Trypanosoma cruzi - where will you find the amastigotes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leishmania species is transmitted by which vector? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Amastigote morphology:
Small
Round
Eccentric nucleus
Anterior Kinetoplast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leishmania species Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Infected sandfly bites human and regurgitates promastigotes into wound |
|
|
Term
| L. tropica and L. brasiliensis Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify amastigotes in Macrophages or Skin Lesions |
|
|
Term
| L. donovani Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify amastigotes from Organ Tissue (spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow, RES) |
|
|
Term
| L. tropica Symptoms/Disease |
|
Definition
| Cutaneous leishmaniasis (skin) |
|
|
Term
| L. brasiliensis Symptoms/Disease |
|
Definition
| Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (nose, lips) |
|
|
Term
| L. donovani Symptoms/Disease |
|
Definition
| Visceral leishmaniasis (internal organs - Reticuloendothelial System) |
|
|
Term
| Which species of Leishmania causes the most serve form of disease (2 year survival rate) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 types of Leishmania species covered in lectures |
|
Definition
L. brusiliensis
L. donovani
L. tropica |
|
|
Term
| T or F: All sporozoans have a life cycle that includes both sexual and asexual reproductive phases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sporozoa asexual reproduction is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schizongy results in the production of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 Types of Sporozoa Sexual reproduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gametogony results in the production of |
|
Definition
| zygotes (sexually reproductive cells) |
|
|
Term
| Sporogony results in the production of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
General information:
Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms
Mode of transportation: None
Form reproductive cells called spores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmodium species is transmitted by what vector? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the Plasmodium species, humans are what type of host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sporozoite - Schizongy - Schizont - Merozoite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trophozoite - Schizont - Merozoite - Trophozoite - Gametocyte |
|
|
Term
| Plasmodium species Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Infected mosquito bites human and injects Plasmodium sporozoites into circulating blood |
|
|
Term
| Plasmodium species Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify trophozoites, schizonts, or gametocytes in peripheral blood (thick and thin blood smears). |
|
|
Term
| Patient is considered free of infection after ____ consecutive days of negative smears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Trophozoite form:
Multiple small ring forms
Double chromatin dots
Applique forms present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral blood: immature trophozoites and gametocytes. Schizogony occurs in the blood vessels of internal organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gametocyte: Crescent-shaped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to identify Plasmodium falciparum early? |
|
Definition
| Species is often fatal and drug resistant |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral blood: trophozoites, schizonts, and gametocytes |
|
Definition
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium vivax |
|
|
Term
Trophozoite:
Single ring form
One chromatin dot
Mature trophs exhibit band form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schizont: Rosette formation of merozoites; presence of hemazoin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Species invades older RBCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Species invades younger, larger cells (reticulocytes) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Trophozoite:
Single thick ring
Once chromatin dot
Schuffner's Dots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schizont: 12-24 merozoites present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmodium species causes the disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each phase of the Plasmodium species life cycle induces a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| paroxysm corresponds to the release of |
|
Definition
| merozoites and toxins from ruptured RBCs - allergic response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recurrence after apparent elimination of the parasite; reactivation of dormant merozoites in the liver |
|
|
Term
| Which Plasmodium species is associated with Relapse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Recrudescence
(any Plasmodium species) |
|
Definition
| Symptoms return after patient is "cured"; inadequate immune response or treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Previously cured;
reinfected by another mosquito |
|
|
Term
| Most U.S. infections from the Babesia species are caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vector transmits the Babesia species? |
|
Definition
| Ixodes scapularis (deer tick) |
|
|
Term
| Babesia species Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Infected tick bites human and injects Babesia sporozoites into circulating blood. Can also be transmitted from human to human through blood transfusions |
|
|
Term
| Babesia species Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify intracellular (sometimes extracellular) trophozoites in peripheral blood |
|
|
Term
| Babseia species Symptoms/Disease |
|
Definition
Resemble symptoms of malaria without the cyclic fever
Nantucket fever |
|
|
Term
| # of Parasites / RBC for Plasmodium species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of Parasites / RBC for Babesia species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of Chromatin Dots / RBC for Plasmodium species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of Chromatin Dots / RBC for Babesia species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Toxoplasma gondii - definitive host is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Toxoplasma gondii - sporogony occurs only in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Tachyzoite (trophozoite) Morphology:
Crescent shaped
Tapered anterior end
Large Nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Toxoplasma gondii Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Ingestion of oocysts through contaminated food, water, soil, or cat litter. Ingestion of undercooked infected meat. Congenital transmission or blood transfusions. |
|
|
Term
| Toxoplasma gondii Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| TORCH - serological testing or identify tacyzoites (intracellular trophozoites) or tissue cysts within tissue biopsy |
|
|
Term
| What does TORCH stand for? |
|
Definition
Toxoplasma
Rubella
CMV
Herpes |
|
|
Term
| T or F: For diagnosing Toxoplasma gondii you do NOT look at the patients stool |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Toxoplasma gondii Symptoms/Disease |
|
Definition
Flu-like
Congenital transmission causes serious problems with baby |
|
|
Term
| List the 6 Congenital problems associated with Toxoplasma gondii |
|
Definition
Hydrocephalus
Mental retardation
Blindness
Death
Blueberry Muffin Syndrome
Ocular Toxoplasmosis |
|
|
Term
| Sarcocystis species Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Ingestion of sarcocysts from undercooked meat |
|
|
Term
| Sarcocystis species Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
Identify oocysts or free sporozoites in stool
-Biopsy of intestinal tissue
-Hematoxylin stain |
|
|
Term
| 2 intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cystoisospora belli Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Ingestion of mature oocysts from contaminated food or water. Fecal-oral transmission |
|
|
Term
| Cystoisospora belli Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify immature oocysts in stool |
|
|
Term
| Which stain would you use for Cystoisospora belli? |
|
Definition
| Modified Acid Fast Stain or Iodine |
|
|
Term
| Would you use the Trichrome stain for Cystoisospora belli? |
|
Definition
| No, the trichrome stain is poor for this organism |
|
|
Term
| Cryptosporidium species Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Ingest oocysts from contaminated food or water. Person to person transmission |
|
|
Term
| Cryptosporidium species Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify oocysts in stool or Direct Fluorescent Antibody |
|
|
Term
| 2 species of Cryptosporidium that infect humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the stains that you would likely perform for the Cryptosporidium species? |
|
Definition
Modified Acid Fast Stain
Iodine |
|
|
Term
| Cryptosporidium species Symptoms/Disease |
|
Definition
| Can lead to an extra-intestinal infection (respiratory) in immunocompromised persons |
|
|
Term
| Cyclospora cayetanensis is ___ the size of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cyclospora cayetanensis Method of Infection |
|
Definition
| Ingestion of sporulated oocyst from contaminated food or water |
|
|
Term
| Cyclospora cayetanensis Method of Diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify unsportulated oocysts in stool |
|
|
Term
| Which two stains/tests would you run to determine Cyclospora cayetanensis |
|
Definition
Modified Acid Fast Stain
Autoflourescence Test (green/blue with UV light) |
|
|
Term
| Good for studying Protozoan trophozoite motility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Good for studying Protozoan cyst and Helminth egg structures (kills trophs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common Sedimentation rate technique for isolating cysts and eggs |
|
Definition
| Formalin-Ethyl Acetate Method |
|
|
Term
| When reporting results what is the number of fields that you will look at to average the quantity of cells, organisms, or artifacts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fecal artifact is a degenerated eosinophil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: There will be an increased eosinophil production during parasitic infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Often used if parasite is suspected but not detected with microscopic exam |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Labeled antibodies that react with parasite antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measure levels of circulating antibodies |
|
|
Term
| 2 Types of Molecular Diagnostics |
|
Definition
|
|
