Term
| What drug reacts with ferrodoxin produced by pyruvate oxido-reductase? |
|
Definition
Metronidazole
(anti-protozoal)
Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
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|
|
Term
| What anti-protozoal requires metabolic activation? |
|
Definition
Metronidazole
(anti-protozoal)
|
|
|
Term
| What anti-protozoal drug targets enzymes that are unique to parasites? |
|
Definition
Metronidazole
(Pyruvate:ferrodoxone oxidoreductase) |
|
|
Term
| What anti-protozoal drug can have Disulfiram-like effects with alcohol use? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Metronidazole is the drug of choice for what five infections? |
|
Definition
Protozoa
Trichomonas vaginalis (Trichomoniasis)
Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis)
Giardia (Giardiasis)
Anaerobic Bacteria
Bacteriodes fragilis
Clostridum difficle |
|
|
Term
| What is the drug of choice for Trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the drug of choice for Amebiasis? |
|
Definition
Metronidazole
(with Paromomycin)
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|
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Term
| What is the drug of choice for Giardisis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the drug of choice for Bacteroides fragilis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the drug of choice for Clostridium difficle? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What drug inhibits mitochondrial electron transport leading to inhibition of pyrimidine synthesis? |
|
Definition
Atovaquone
(Anti-Protozoal)
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|
|
Term
| What drug has a cidal (not static) effect on Pneumocystosis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What drug is irreversible inhibitor of Ornithine Decarboxylase? |
|
Definition
Eflornithine
(blocks synthesis of polyamines)
Ornithine decarboxylase is an enzyme also found in humans, but essential in parasites |
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|
Term
| What is the dose limiting side effect of oral Eflornithine? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What drug requires large volumes of IV fluids to reach a therapeutic dose? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the four catagories of drugs used to treat malaria and what stage in the life cycle do they target? |
|
Definition
Blood Schizontocides - RBCs, prevent/terminate clinical attack
Tissue Schizontocide - Exoerythrocytic forms in liver
Gametocidal - gametocyte stage in RBCs
Hypnozoitocidal - dormant P. vivax or P. ovale hypnozoites in liver |
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|
Term
| What 3 malaria drugs are active in the Blood Schizontocide stage? |
|
Definition
Chloroquine
Quinine
Mefloquine |
|
|
Term
| What 2 malaria drugs are active in the Tissue Schizontocide stage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What anti-malarial drug is active in 3 life cycle stages? |
|
Definition
Primaquine
(Tissue Schizontocide, Gametocide, and Hypnozoitocide)
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|
|
Term
| P-glycoprotein protein pumps cause resistance against what anti-malarial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What anti-malarial binds strongly to cells containing melanin? |
|
Definition
Chloroquine
(may cause visual impairment)
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|
|
Term
| What anti-malarial can be detected months or years after treatment has been stopped? |
|
Definition
Chloroquine
(Half life increases from days to weeks with declining plasma levels)
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|
|
Term
| What anti-malarial may cause side effects involving the eye? |
|
Definition
Chloroquine
Blurred vision
Difficulty focusing
Corneal deposits
Retinal pigmentation
Loss of vision
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|
|
Term
Some strains of Plasmodium falciparum are resistant to what drug?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What blood schizontocide inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by binding to DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms of malaria are Quinine effective against? |
|
Definition
Vivax and Malariae - gametes
Falciparum - adult (used when resistant to Chloroquine) |
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|
Term
| What drug may cause Cinchonism? |
|
Definition
Quinine
Tinnitus
Blurred vision
Headache
Hearing loss
|
|
|
Term
| What drug has the worst therapeutic index of anti-malarial drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some side effects of Quinine? |
|
Definition
Cinchoism
Myocardial depression
Vascular dilation
8th nerve impairment
(tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo)
Uterine contraction |
|
|
Term
| What drug has accelerated clearance and a reduced half-life when given with Rifampin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What blood schizontocide is used for chloroquine-resistant or multidrug resistant falciparum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What anti-malarial is excreted via bile? |
|
Definition
Mefloquine
(with small amounts in urine and breast milk)
|
|
|
Term
| What anti-malarial may cause central venous effects with B-Blockers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 contraindications of Mefloquine? |
|
Definition
Seizures
Neuropsychiatric disturbances
Reactions to Quinolone |
|
|
Term
| What risks may occur when Mefloquine is used with Quinine? Chloroquinine? |
|
Definition
Quinine - convulsions, cardiac arrest
Chloroquinine - convulsions
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|
|
Term
| What drug is used for the late hepatic stages and latent tissue forms of P. vivax and P. ovale? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What drug is used as a prophylactic and radical cure for P. vivax and P. ovale? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What anti-malarial can cause toxicity and sensitization if used long term? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What anti-malarial may cause Hemolytic Anemia in G6PD deficient patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What anti-malarial inhibits DHFR (dihydrofolate reductase)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tissue schizontocide is effective against P. falciparum but not vivax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What anti-malarial is never used as a single agent? |
|
Definition
Pyrimethamine
(combo with sulfadoxine or quinine)
|
|
|
Term
| What anti-malarial may also be used to treat Toxoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
Pyrimethamine
(in combo with clindamycin or sulfonamide)
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|
|
Term
| What are the two ways in which Antihelminics treat infection? |
|
Definition
Act locally to expel worms
Act systemically to eradicate invasive developmental forms |
|
|
Term
| Anthelminthics target what three actions? |
|
Definition
1) Neuromuscular coordination
2) Carbohydrate metabolism
3) Microtubule integrity |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of the Benzimidazoles? |
|
Definition
(Albendazole and Mebendazole)
Inhibit microtubule formation |
|
|
Term
| What are the drugs of choice for Hookworms, Ascariasis (round), and Enterobius (pin) infection? |
|
Definition
Benzimidazoles
(Albendazole and Mebendazole)
|
|
|
Term
| Which Anthelminthic are teratogenic? |
|
Definition
| Albendazole and Mebendazole |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Pyrantel Pamoate? |
|
Definition
Binds Nicotinic Receptors
Causing:
Neuromuscular blockade
Spastic paralysis
Loss of hold on intestinal wall
|
|
|
Term
| What is the drug of choice for Monliliformis infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Ivermectin? |
|
Definition
Increases permeability to Cl ion
(hyperpolarization --> paralyis)
Inhibits glutamate-gated Cl channels and GABA-gated channels
|
|
|
Term
| Which Anthelminithic is excreted in the feces and has no metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ivermectin is the drug of choice for what 2 infections? |
|
Definition
Strongyloidiasis (nematode)
Onchocerca (river blindness) |
|
|
Term
| What is the drug of choice for Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis)? |
|
Definition
Diethylcarbamazine
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
B. timori
Loa loa
|
|
|
Term
| What are some side effects of Diethylcarbamzine? |
|
Definition
Anorexia
Nausea
headache
Host response to microfilariae destruction |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Praziquantel? |
|
Definition
| Increases membrane permeability to Ca (and other cations) |
|
|
Term
| What drug increases parasitic membrane permeability to Ca? Cl? |
|
Definition
(both lead to paralysis)
Calcium - Praziquantel
Chloride - Ivermectin
|
|
|
Term
| What drug's metabolites are 100x the concentration of the parent drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug is contraindicated for patients with Ocular Schistosomiasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the drug of choice for liver, lung, and intestinal flukes? |
|
Definition
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