Term
| Giardia is what type of organism? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Yes- infects many species |
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Term
|
Definition
| water and streams (beavers) |
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Term
|
Definition
-oocysts in fecal float
-adults (trophozoites) in smear |
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Term
| How do giardia adults look when they swim? |
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Definition
| like a leaf falling off a tree (zig zags) |
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Term
| What kind of solution do you use for a general fecal float? When looking for giardia? |
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Definition
general: salt (NaNO3 aka sodium nitrate) or sugar solution
giardia: non-salt solution for more buoyancy (ZnSO4 aka zinc sulfate) |
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Term
| What is an adult specimen of giardia called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| diarrhea, usually large bowel |
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Term
|
Definition
metronidazole (Flagyl)
Fenbendazole (Panacur) |
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Term
| Metronidazole is used to Tx... |
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Definition
-giardia
-flatulence (antibiotic kills anaerobic gas-causing bacteria) |
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Term
| Coccidia is what type of organism? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the body does Eimeria inhabit? |
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Definition
| inside small bowel enterocytes |
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Term
| What causes the symptoms of coccidia? |
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Definition
| They multiply in enterocytes and then rupture the cells, causing diarrhea and frank blood |
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Term
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Definition
| diarrhea, frank hemorrhage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-coccidiostatic sulfa antibiotics like Albon
-equine label Panazuril is coccidiocidal but not approved for small animals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Is Albon -cidal or -static? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Toxoplasma gondii is a type of... |
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Definition
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Term
| What age group is more vulnerable to coccidia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Toxoplasma gondii zoonotic? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does T. gondii shed eggs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Risk to humans of T. gondii? |
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Definition
| fetal abnormalities if woman gets infected in pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Typical life cycle of T. gondii? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-fecal float - oocyttes (briefly)
-blood test - antibodies (just proves exposure) |
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Term
| A positive antibody test for T. gondii means... |
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Definition
| that a cat was exposed to T. gondii at some point, not necessarily that it is currently infected |
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Term
| A positive fecal test for T. gondii means... |
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Definition
| the cat is currently infected with T. gondii |
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Term
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Definition
-good hygiene when gardening / scooping box
-clean litter pan every day
-have man clean litter box
-prevent cat from hunting mice
-don't eat undercooked meat |
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Term
| How long does it take for T. gondii in stool to become infectious? |
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Definition
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Term
| Another term for nematodes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Another term for cestodes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Another term for trematodes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Other names for roundworm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the body do roundworms inhabit? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When to begin deworming for roundworms? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hatch in intestines > migrate to lungs/trachea > get coughed up > swallowed > back to intestines |
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Term
| What conditions do roundworms cause in people? |
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Definition
| ascariasis; visceral and ocular larval migrans |
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Term
| How can roundworms cause organ damage? |
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Definition
| They migrate from the intestines to the lungs / trachea, damaging any organs it passes through |
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Term
| How long can a roundworm egg last in the environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are roundworms transmitted? |
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Definition
| milk, transplacental, fecal |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What does a coccidia egg look like? |
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Definition
| tiny, circle with little dots inside |
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Term
| What does a roundworm egg look like? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| potbelly but thin elsewhere, "poor doer," rough hair coat |
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Term
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Definition
| roundworms, hookworms, whipworms |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ancylostoma spp, Uncineria spp |
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Term
| Which parasitic worms are rare in cats? |
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Definition
| hookworms (uncommon), whipworms (veeeery rare) |
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Term
|
Definition
| larvae ingested in feces or milk, or larvae burrow into feet > coughed up and swallowed > eggs pooped out and hatch soon after |
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Term
| What is "creeping eruption"? |
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Definition
| cutaneous larval migrans, when hookworm larvae try to migrate through human flesh |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What does a hookworm egg look like? |
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Definition
| smooth oval with grape-like clusters inside |
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Term
| Scientific name for whipworm? |
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Definition
| Trichuris vulpis ("try to cure us!") |
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Term
|
Definition
| In the cecum, but go into LB to feed and lay eggs |
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Term
| Why are whipworms difficult to diagnose? |
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Definition
-don't shed eggs continuously because they don't feed continuously
-adults threadlike and 1-2" long
-3mo prepatent period |
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Term
|
Definition
| chronic off and on LB diarrhea, weight loss |
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Term
| A "negative" whipworm fecal would be described as... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are whipworm eggs labile or hardy? |
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Definition
| hardy - very resistant to enviro. extremes |
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Term
| What is the typical prepatent period for intestinal parasites? |
|
Definition
| 3 weeks (except whipworms- 3mo) |
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Term
|
Definition
-Dipylidium caninum
-Taenia spp
-Echinococcus granulosus |
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|
Term
| Which endoparasites have intermediate hosts? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
-only Echinococcus granulosus
-can get Dipylidium caninum if we ingest a flea, but it's self-limiting |
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Term
| What part of the body do tapeworms inhabit? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| dogs/cats - mild; weight loss or intestinal obstructions |
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Term
|
Definition
-tapeworm found in ruminants (esp. moose)
-eggs shed in feces
-form hydatid cysts in major organs/brain if canine feces ingested |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Life cycle of Fasiola hepatica? |
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Definition
| snail eats eggs > animal (usu. ruminant) eats snail > migrates through liver and lives in bile ducts |
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Term
| What part of the body does Fasiola hepatica inhabit? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the world is Echinococcus granulosus found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the US is Fasiola hepatica most prevalent? |
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Definition
| upper west coast (cool, moist, lots of snails) |
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Term
| ivermectin is dosed in (what units?) |
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Definition
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Term
| When using large animal Ivomec on dogs or cats, administer _. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which breeds are susceptible to ivermectin OD? |
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Definition
| collies, border collies, shelties, Old English sheep dogs, 4 white feet mixed breeds |
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Term
| Ivermectin is contraindicated... |
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Definition
-in patients < 12wks
-when also using amitraz (Mitaban) |
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Term
| Ivermectin toxity results in a... |
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Definition
| coma- reversible but requires heavy nursing care |
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Term
| Scientific name for flea? |
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Definition
| Ctenocephalides canis/felis |
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Term
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Definition
| No, but they may carry zoonotic diseases. |
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Term
|
Definition
| tapeworms, bubonic plague, tularemia, bartonella |
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Term
| Scientific name for tape worm from fleas? |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientific name for bubonic plague? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Scientific name for tularemia? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Scientific name for bartonellosis? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Humans may get tularemia after contact with... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Humans may get Bartonellosis after contact with... |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does flea bite dermatitis start on an animal's body? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Flea bite dermatitis vs allergies? |
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Definition
Dermatitis: localized irritation and itchiness
Allergies: body-wide histamine release with pruritis |
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Term
| Why are fleas especially dangerous for young or small animals? |
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Definition
| They can suck enough blood to cause anemia. |
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Term
| type of dermatitis cats may exhibit from fleas |
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Definition
| milliary dermatitis - pattern on head, neck, face |
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Term
| What is an intermediate host? |
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Definition
| A host which a parasite must live inside in order to complete part of its life cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Longer flea dirt indicates... |
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Definition
| blood meal of longer duration, implying the animal is not very itchy because it did not disturb the flea |
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Term
| For every flea seen on an animal there are __ more in the environment. |
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Definition
| 1 flea on animal : 100 in enviro |
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Term
| Why might a flea-infested cat not have any visible fleas or flea dirt? |
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Definition
| It is an excellent groomer, so it ingests them. |
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Term
| Lice infestation is called __. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Lice are seen more often in __ and rarely in __. |
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Definition
| often in dogs, rarely in cats |
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Term
|
Definition
| rough coat from nits, pruritis, skin irritation |
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Term
| Lice are intermediate hosts for __. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| examine hair for nits, adults |
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Term
|
Definition
| most flea products, or ivermectin |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Can lice be transmitted between species? |
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Definition
| No, they are host specific. |
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|
Term
| Can lice survive in the environment off a host? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of "bug" is a tick? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Babeosis, Ehrlichiosis/rickettsia |
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Term
| "Tick paralysis" was first observed in what type of dog? |
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Definition
| coon hound - used for hunting, so they're in tick habitat often |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Scientific name for bot fly? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| fly lays egg on skin > bot burrows under skin > 1-2mo later bot emerges |
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Term
|
Definition
| careful extraction and open wound management |
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Term
| Other term for "fly strike"? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where on the body does fly strike occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How to differentiate ear tip damage from flies vs sarcoptic mange? |
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Definition
| squeeze or scratch ear tip; pain = fly strike, itching = mange |
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Term
| Flies are attracted to... |
|
Definition
bodily fluids like tears, wastes, etc
-animals with poor hygiene; may be debilitated |
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|
Term
| What does "warbles" refer to? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Negative effect of warbles? |
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Definition
| Bots leave holes all over the cow hide, which decreases/ruins their value. |
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Term
| Term for maggot infestation? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of maggot invades healthy tissues? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Another term for skin mite infestation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How are mites transmitted? |
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Definition
| general require direct contact |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Sarcoptes scabiei
-Notoedres cati
-Demodex canis
-Otodectes cynotis
-Cheyletiella |
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|
Term
| Which animals get Sarcoptes scabiei? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals get Notoedres cati? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thickened, crusty skin that begins on ear margins; pruritis |
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Term
|
Definition
| alopecia on face, ears and neck; begins at ear base and forms scabs |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ivermectin, lime sulfur dips
-malothion dip (old school, petroleum product)
-mitaban |
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Term
| Inflammation from S. scabiei may cause __ to appear in the skin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientific name for ear mites? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "coffee ground" ear discharge, excoriation, pruritis |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scientific name for "walking dandruff"? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Cheyletiella are called __ __ because they do not burrow into the skin or hair follicle. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| mild alopecia and pruritis along dorsal midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| most flea products, ivermectin, lime sulfur dips |
|
|
Term
| Cheyletiella are attracted to animals with (what condition?) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Ear mites are more common in __ than __. |
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Definition
| more common in cats than dogs |
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Term
|
Definition
| cigar-shaped to fit into hair follicle |
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Term
| Demodex tends to show up on the __ and __. |
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Definition
| face and paws (oily spots) |
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Term
|
Definition
| non-pruritic alopecia starting at paws, muzzle, around eyes, spreading to areas of warmth/moisture |
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Term
| What dogs are most vulnerable to Demodex? |
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Definition
| very young, or those that are immuno-compromised (e.g. by cancer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Mitaban (amitraz) dips
-if Mitaban is contraindicated, milbemycin > ivermectin |
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Term
|
Definition
| skin scraping after squeezing the skin first |
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|
Term
| Generic name for Mitaban? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes Mitaban toxicity? |
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Definition
| alpha-2-adrenergic agonist |
|
|
Term
| Signs of Mitaban toxicity? |
|
Definition
| somnolence, ataxia, weakness, hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, and rarely death |
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Term
| Patients most at risk of Mitaban toxicity? |
|
Definition
| low body weight; toy breads like Chihuahuas |
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|
Term
| Patients at risk of Mitaban toxicity should be treated in what manner? |
|
Definition
-lower concentration than lavel
-treat only 50% body
-avoid amitraz entirely |
|
|
Term
| Do not combine amitraz with: |
|
Definition
-sedatives
-MAOIs or SSRIs
-avermectins (anecdotal reports of neurotoxicity) |
|
|
Term
| Mitaban's potency is increased by... |
|
Definition
| oxidation and UV exposure |
|
|
Term
| What to do with opened bottle of Mitaban? |
|
Definition
-use entire bottle at once or dispose of remainder
-do not save remainder for next dip |
|
|
Term
| Reversal agents for Mitaban? |
|
Definition
| yohimbine or atipamezole (Antisedan) |
|
|
Term
| Adverse reactions to Mitaban? |
|
Definition
-pruritis from severe mite kill off
-urticaria
-contact hypersensitivity
-hyperglycemia, glucosuria |
|
|
Term
| Patients with __ should not be treated with Amitraz. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-migraines, asthma, contact hypersensitivity
-no MAOIs |
|
|
Term
| Why are some breeds more sensitive to ivermectin? |
|
Definition
| genetic inability to pump drug out of CNS (defect in p-glycoprotein pump) |
|
|
Term
| CS of ivermectin toxicity |
|
Definition
| ataxia, tremors, stupor, mydriasis, salivation, bradycardia, respiratory arrest, coma, death |
|
|
Term
| Ivermectin overdose usually occurs with a dose of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supportive care until animal comes out of coma |
|
|
Term
| febantel + praziquantel + pyrantel pamoate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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