Term
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Definition
Ciliate
Host: humans, primates, pigs
Range: worldwide; warm climates
Disease: "Balantidiosis"
Symptoms: diarrhea (dehydration), dysentary = inflamed intestinal mucosa, death
Diagnosis: fecal sample + microscopy
Treatment: tetracycline, iodaquinol
Life cycle:
humans ingest cyst -> excyst in small intestine -> troph feeds on lumen of large intestine & multiplies via binary fission -> cysts leave in feces
*flask-shaped ulcer |
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Term
| Ichthyophthirius multifiliis |
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Definition
Ciliate
Host: freshwater fish (catfish, trout, goldfish)
Vector: -
Range: -
Disease: "white spot disease"
Symptoms: white spots (pustules)
Diagnosis: -
Preventatives: -
Treatment: methylene blue formalin (pets); copper sulfate (food)
Life cycle:
invasive theront/swarmer -> mucous epithelium -> transforms to trophozoites -> troph leaves -> forms a cyst on substrate -> multiple fission produces 1000 tomites -> cyst ruptures -> tomite theronts enter skin/eyes/gills |
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Term
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Definition
Parasitic amoeba
Host: HUMANS ONLY
Range: worldwide
Symptoms: diarrhea, dysentery, hepatomegaly
Diagnosis: imaging, PCR method, Fecal Antigen kit
Treatment: Metronidazole
Life cycle:
human ingests cyst -> excyst in small intestine -> feed/multiply in large intestine -> hydrolyze tissue -> enter capillaries -> liver, lung, brain, etc. (OR leaves in feces after large intestine)
*flask-shaped ulcer |
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Term
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Definition
Commensal amoeba
Host: humans, mammals
*cyst: 8 nuclei
*troph: clumpy peripheral chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
Commensal amoeba
Host: humans, others
*smallest amoeba in humans*
*cyst: 4 nuclei
*troph: big endosome |
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Term
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Definition
Commensal amoeba
Host: humans, primates, pigs
*glycogen vacuole in cyst*
*troph: big endosome |
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Term
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Definition
Commensal amoeba
Host: humans, dogs |
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Term
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Definition
Opportunistic amoeba (amoeboflagellate)
Host: HUMANS ONLY
Disease: PAM
Symptoms: headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea, appetite loss, convulsion, coma, death
Diagnosis: cerebral spinal fluid sample + microscopy
Treatment: Ampholericin B., Miltefosine
Life cycle:
cyst (warm water) -> troph (no food) -> amoeboflagellate -> up human nose -> neuro-olfactory epithelium -> follow olfactory nerve to brain -> death |
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Term
| Acanthomoeba / Balamuthia mandrillaris |
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Definition
Amoeba
Host: humans, animals
Disease: "Amoebic Keratitis" or "Acanthomoeba Keratitis"
--> GAE = personality change, palsy, non-coordination, coma, death
Symptoms: feel foreign object in eye, intense pain, photophobia, blindness
Diagnosis: corneal scrape + microscopy
Treatment: Ketoconazole, Micaonazole, Propamidine for eye
*routes of entry: skin lesion, sinus, lungs, eye |
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Term
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Definition
Commensal intestinal flagellate
Host: humans, mammals, pigs
Life cycle:
humans ingest lemon cyst -> excyst to troph -> feed/multiply via binary fission -> cyst exits in feces |
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Term
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Definition
Parasitic intestinal flagellate
Host: humans, mammals (dogs), birds
Range: worldwide
Disease: "Giardiasis"
Symptoms: watery diarrhea, dehydration, abdominal cramping, nausea, stook bulky/greasy
Diagnosis: fecal + microscopy
Treatment: Metronidazole (Flagyl)
Life cycle:
humans ingest cyst -> excyst in duodenum (1 cyst makes 2 trophs) -> feed/multiply in duodenum -> attach to mucosa with adhesive disks ("eyes") -> encysts in large intestine -> exits body in feces |
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Term
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Definition
Parasitic intestinal flagellate
Host: humans, primates, pigs
Range: worldwide, Ontario, northern U.S.
Vector: maybe pinworm?
Symptoms: diarrhea
Diagnosis: fecal + microscopy
Treatment: Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxyzole, Cotrimox
Life cycle:
*only troph (no cyst) |
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Term
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Definition
venereal parasitic flagellate
Host: HUMANS ONLY
Disease: "Trichomoniasis"
Symptoms: "vaginitis" = pain, inflammation, unusual discharge, pH change to basic (only in women - men are just carriers)
Diagnosis: pap smear
Treatment: Metronidazole, Flagyl
*largest golgi in the world
*only troph (no cyst)
*aerotolerant
*hydrogenosome |
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Term
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Definition
venereal parasitic flagellate
Host: cattle, cats
Range: worldwide
COWS:
Disease: "Trichomoniasis"
Symptoms: early abortion in cows
Diagnosis: in pouch TF test, penis swab?
Treatment: TrichGuard "vaccine"
CATS:
Disease: "Inflammatory Bowel Disease"
Symptoms: severe diarrhea
Diagnosis: in pouch TF test (fecal, oral)
Treatment: Ronidazole |
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Term
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Definition
parasitic flagellate
Host: birds (dove, pigeon, green finches)
Range: UK
Symptoms: death
Treatment: Ronidazole
Life cycle: |
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Term
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Definition
Host:
Vector:
Range:
Disease:
Symptoms:
Diagnosis:
Treatment:
Life cycle: |
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Term
| Trypanosoma brucei brucei |
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Definition
parasitic flagellate
Host: ungulates, game animals, cattle, horses
Vector: Glossina (tsetse fly)
Range: West, East, & Central Africa (dry)
Disease: "Nagana"
Symptoms: anemia, death
Diagnosis: blood smear
Treatment: no treatment
Life cycle:
Tsetse bites -> injects "metacyclic Trypomastigote" into mammal -> transforms to "slender Trypomastigote" -> multiplies & spreads out/invades organ -> transform to "stumpy Trypomastigote" -> fly bites & sucks up Trypomastigotes into gut -> slender Tryps multiply in gut -> move to salivary gland -> metacyclic trypos are in fly saliva again |
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Term
| Trypanosoma brucei gambiense |
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Definition
parasitic flagellate
Host: HUMANS ONLY
Vector: Glossina
Range: Central and WEST Africa (wet)
Disease: African Sleeping Sickness
Symptoms:
1. Trypanosomal chancre
2. Enlarged lymph nodes
3. Intermittant fever
tremors, convulsions, coma, death
4. Anemia
Diagnosis: blood smear, lymph sample (CSF later)
Treatment: Suramin (early); DFMO, Malarsoprol, Pentamidine
Life cycle:
Tsetse bites -> injects "metacyclic Trypomastigote" into mammal -> transforms to "slender Trypomastigote" -> multiplies & spreads out/invades organ -> transform to "stumpy Trypomastigote" -> fly bites & sucks up Trypomastigotes into gut -> slender Tryps multiply in gut -> move to salivary gland -> metacyclic trypos are in fly saliva again |
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Term
| Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense |
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Definition
parasitic flagellate
Host: humans, mammals
Vector: Glossina
Range: Central & EAST Africa (dry)
Disease: Acute African Sleeping Sickness
Symptoms: all occur FAST
1. Trypanosomal chancre
2. Enlarged lymph nodes
3. Intermittant fever
tremors, convulsions, coma, death
4. Anemia
Diagnosis: blood smear
Treatment: Suramin (IV)
Life cycle:
Tsetse bites -> injects "metacyclic Trypomastigote" into mammal -> transforms to "slender Trypomastigote" -> multiplies & spreads out/invades organ -> transform to "stumpy Trypomastigote" -> fly bites & sucks up Trypomastigotes into gut -> slender Tryps multiply in gut -> move to salivary gland -> metacyclic trypos are in fly saliva again |
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Term
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Definition
parasitic flagellate
Host: livestock, game animals
Vector: Glossina
Range: Africa, South America
Disease: "Nagana"
Life cycle: no development in insect vector (mechanical transmission only) -- like sharing a dirty needle |
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Term
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Definition
parasitic flagellate
parasitic flagellate
Host: livestock, game animals
Vector: Glossina
Range: Africa, South America
Disease: "Nagana"
Life cycle: no development in insect vector (mechanical transmission only) -- lik
Host: mammals
Vector: Glossin (mechanical transmission)
Range: Africa, India, Asia, Central and South America
Disease: Old World = "Surra"
New World = "Murrina" |
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Term
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Definition
parasitic flagellate
Host: humans, mammals (dogs, cats, racoons)
Vector: triatome
Range: South America, Mexico
Disease: "Chagas Disease"
Symptoms:
Acute - severe inflammation, weakening, heart failure
Chronic - Chagoma, shortness of breath, sudden heart failure
sometimes megacolon, megaesophagus
Diagnosis: blood smear, antigen test, xenodiagnosis
Treatment: Nifurtomox, Benznidazole
Life cycle:
bug bites & defacates -> metacyclic trypomastigote enters mammal -> tryp forms amastigote in host cell -> amastigotes multiply & fill up host cell -> amastigotes transform to trypomastigote -> bug bites and ingests tryps -> tryps return to metacyclic tryps -> bug bites and defacates...
*can cross placenta in pregnant women
*also transmit via acai juice - tryps penetrate oral mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
Host:
Vector:
Range:
Disease:
Symptoms:
Diagnosis:
Treatment:
Life cycle:
*often confused with T. cruzi during diagnosis |
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Term
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Definition
kinetoplastic flagellates
visceral leishmaniasis
Host: humans, mammals
Vector: Phlebotomus (sand fly)
Range: Africa, India, Asia
Disease: "Kala azar", "post-Kala azar", "Dum Dum fever"
Symptoms: hepatosplenomegaly, low grade fever, "cachexia" = wasting away, anemia
Diagnosis: biopsy sample
Treatment: Pentostam, Glucantine (IV)
Life cycle:
promastigotes clog up fly's esophagus -> fly bites & injects promastigotes into mammal -> promastigotes taken up by neutrophils -> neutrophils secrete IL-8 which attracts more neutrophils -> macrophages eat neutrophils / promastigote turns into amastigote -> amastigotes multiply/lyse & are eaten by fly -> amastigotes grow into promastigotes in fly gut -> promastigotes move up to fly esophagus -> fly bites... |
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Term
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Definition
kinetoplastic flagellate
visceral leishmaniasis
Host: humans, mammals (FOXHOUNDS)
Vector: Phlebotomus
Range: Mediterranean, North Africa, Middle East, 22 states in U.S.
Symptoms: hepatosplenomegaly, Cachexia, hair loss in dogs, swollen joints in dogs
Diagnosis: biopsy sample
Treatment: Glucantine & Pentostam (humans); Meboglutine (dogs)
Life cycle:
promastigotes clog up fly's esophagus -> fly bites & injects promastigotes into mammal -> promastigotes taken up by neutrophils -> neutrophils secrete IL-8 which attracts more neutrophils -> macrophages eat neutrophils / promastigote turns into amastigote -> amastigotes multiply/lyse & are eaten by fly -> amastigotes grow into promastigotes in fly gut -> promastigotes move up to fly esophagus -> fly bites... |
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Term
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Definition
kinetoplastic flagellate
visceral leishmaniasis
Host: humans, mammals
Vector: Lutzomia
Range: South America (Brazil)
Symptoms: hepatosplenomegaly, low grade fever, "cachexia" = wasting away, anemia
Diagnosis: biopsy sample
Treatment: Glucantine, Pentostam
Life cycle:
promastigotes clog up fly's esophagus -> fly bites & injects promastigotes into mammal -> promastigotes taken up by neutrophils -> neutrophils secrete IL-8 which attracts more neutrophils -> macrophages eat neutrophils / promastigote turns into amastigote -> amastigotes multiply/lyse & are eaten by fly -> amastigotes grow into promastigotes in fly gut -> promastigotes move up to fly esophagus -> fly bites... |
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Term
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Definition
kinetoplastid flagellate
cutaneous leishmaniasis
Host: humans, mammals
Vector: Phlebotomus
Range: middle east, India, South Asia, Afghanistan, Iraq
Disease: urban form
Symptoms: dry lesion, slow to ulcerate
Diagnosis: skin scrape + microscopy
Treatment: Glucantine, Pentostam
Preventative: DEET on skin, Permethrin on clothing/nets
Life cycle:
fly bites human, depositing promastigotes -> promastigotes ingested by macrophage -> promastigotes transform to amastigotes -> amastigotes remain in skin
*U.S. military in Desert Storm & Afghanistan
promastigotes clog up fly's esophagus -> fly bites & injects promastigotes into mammal -> promastigotes taken up by neutrophils -> neutrophils secrete IL-8 which attracts more neutrophils -> macrophages eat neutrophils / promastigote turns into amastigote -> amastigotes multiply/lyse & are eaten by fly -> amastigotes grow into promastigotes in fly gut -> promastigotes move up to fly esophagus -> fly bites... |
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Term
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Definition
kinetoplastic flagellate
cutaneous leishmaniasis
Host: humans, mammals
Vector: Phlebotomus
Range: middle Asia - east Asia
Disease: rural form
Symptoms: wet lesion, ulcerates quickly, crater-like
Diagnosis: skin scrape + microscopy
Treatment: Glucantine, Pentostam
Preventative: DEET on skin, Permethrin on clothing/nets
Life cycle:
promastigotes clog up fly's esophagus -> fly bites & injects promastigotes into mammal -> promastigotes taken up by neutrophils -> neutrophils secrete IL-8 which attracts more neutrophils -> macrophages eat neutrophils / promastigote turns into amastigote -> amastigotes multiply/lyse & are eaten by fly -> amastigotes grow into promastigotes in fly gut -> promastigotes move up to fly esophagus -> fly bites... |
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Term
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Definition
kinetoplastic flagellate
cutaneous leishmaniasis
Host: humans, mammals
Vector: Lutzomia
Range: central 7 South America
Symptoms: skin ulcer?
Diagnosis: skin scrape + microscopy
Treatment: Glucantine, Pentostam
Preventative: DEET on skin, Permethrin on clothing/nets
Life cycle:
promastigotes clog up fly's esophagus -> fly bites & injects promastigotes into mammal -> promastigotes taken up by neutrophils -> neutrophils secrete IL-8 which attracts more neutrophils -> macrophages eat neutrophils / promastigote turns into amastigote -> amastigotes multiply/lyse & are eaten by fly -> amastigotes grow into promastigotes in fly gut -> promastigotes move up to fly esophagus -> fly bites... |
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Term
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Definition
kinetoplastid flagellate
cutaneous leishmaniasis & diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis
Host: humans, mammals
Vector: Lutzomia
Range: Mexico, Central America, U.S.
Symptoms: ulcer?
Diagnosis: skin scrape + microscopy
Treatment: Glucantine, Pentostam
Preventative: DEET on skin, Permethrin on clothing/nets
Life cycle:
promastigotes clog up fly's esophagus -> fly bites & injects promastigotes into mammal -> promastigotes taken up by neutrophils -> neutrophils secrete IL-8 which attracts more neutrophils -> macrophages eat neutrophils / promastigote turns into amastigote -> amastigotes multiply/lyse & are eaten by fly -> amastigotes grow into promastigotes in fly gut -> promastigotes move up to fly esophagus -> fly bites... |
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Term
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Definition
kinetoplastid flagellate
diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis
Host: humans, mammals
Vector: Lutzomia
Range: Panama
Symptoms: ulcer, lesion spreads (Lymphatics)
Diagnosis: skin scrape + microscopy
Treatment: difficult
Life cycle:
promastigotes clog up fly's esophagus -> fly bites & injects promastigotes into mammal -> promastigotes taken up by neutrophils -> neutrophils secrete IL-8 which attracts more neutrophils -> macrophages eat neutrophils / promastigote turns into amastigote -> amastigotes multiply/lyse & are eaten by fly -> amastigotes grow into promastigotes in fly gut -> promastigotes move up to fly esophagus -> fly bites... |
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Term
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Definition
kinetoplastic flagellate
mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Host: humans, mammals
Vector: Lutzomia
Range: Central and South America
Symptoms: simple lesion -> sore heals -> 2nd lesion on mucous membranes -> death
Diagnosis: skin scrape + microscopy?
Treatment: ?
Life cycle:
promastigotes clog up fly's esophagus -> fly bites & injects promastigotes into mammal -> promastigotes taken up by neutrophils -> neutrophils secrete IL-8 which attracts more neutrophils -> macrophages eat neutrophils / promastigote turns into amastigote -> amastigotes multiply/lyse & are eaten by fly -> amastigotes grow into promastigotes in fly gut -> promastigotes move up to fly esophagus -> fly bites... |
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Term
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Definition
kinetoplastic flagellate
Host: horses, donkeys
Vector: Glossina
Range: worldwide
Disease: "Dourine"
Symptoms: fever, enlarged genitalia, "silver dollar plaque" rash, death
Diagnosis: blood smear
Treatment: none |
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