Term
| Hypothyroid- types, causes, sx, tests, tx, monitoring |
|
Definition
Primary- Thyroid cannot meet the demands of the pituitary gland.
Secondary- No stimulation of the thyroid by the pituitary gland.
Causes:
Surgical thyroid removal
Irradiation
Congenital defects
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (key)
Symptoms:
Constipation
Weight gain
Weakness
Fatigue
Poor taste
Hoarse vocal sounds
Joint pain
Muscle weakness
Poor speech
Color changes
Depression
Tests:
Decreased BP and HR
Chest X-ray
Elevated liver enzymes, prolactin, and
cholesterol
Decreased T4 levels and serum sodium
levels
Presence of anemia
Low temperature
Poor reflexes
Treatment:
Increase thyroid hormone levels
Levothyroxine
Monitor the patient for:
Hyperthyroidism symptoms following
treatment
Heart disease
Miscarriage
Myxedema coma if untreated |
|
|
Term
| Hyperthyroid- causes, sx, tests, tx |
|
Definition
Causes:
Iodine overdose
Thyroid hormone overdose
Graves’ disease (key)
Tumors affecting the reproductive system
Symptoms:
Skin color changes
Weight loss
Anxiety
Possible goiter
Nausea
Exophthalmos
Diarrhea
Elevated BP
Fatigue
Sweating
Hair loss
Tests:
Elevated Systolic pressure noted
T3/T4 (free) levels increased
TSH levels reduced
Treatment:
Radioactive iodine
Surgery
Beta-blockers
Antithyroid drugs |
|
|
Term
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia- causes, sx, tests, tx |
|
Definition
Excessive production of androgen and low levels of aldosterone
and cortisol. (Geneticially inherited disorder). Different forms of this disorder that affect males and
females differently.
Causes: Adrenal gland enzyme deficit causes cortisol and aldosterone to not be produced.
Causing male sex characteristics to be expressed prematurely in boys and found in girls.
Symptoms:
Boys:
Small testes development
Enlarged penis development
Strong musculature appearance
Girls:
Abnormal hair growth
Low toned voice
Abnormal genitalia
Lack of menstruation
Tests:
Salt levels
Low levels of cotisol
Low levels of aldosterone
Increased 17-OH progesterone
Increased 17-ketosteroids in urine
Treatment:
Reconstructive surgery
Hydrocoristone
Dexamethasone |
|
|
Term
| Hyperaldosteronism- types, causes, sx, tests, tx |
|
Definition
Primary Hyperaldosteronism: problem within the adrenal gland causing excessive production of
aldosterone.
Secondary Hyperaldosteronism: problem found elsewhere causing excessive production of
aldosterone.
Causes:
Primary:
Tumor affecting the adrenal gland
Possibly due to HBP
Secondary:
Nephrotic syndrome
Heart failure
Cirrhosis
Htn
Symptoms:
Paralysis
Fatigue
Numbness sensations
Htn
Weakness
Tests:
Increased urinary aldosterone
Abnormal ECG readings
Decreased potassium levels
Decreased renin levels
Treatment:
Primary: Surgery
Secondary: Diet/Drugs |
|
|
Term
| Cushings- causes, sx, tests, tx, monitoring |
|
Definition
Abnormal production of ACTH which in turn causes elevated cortisol levels.
Causes:
Corticosteroids prolonged use
Tumors
Symptoms:
Muscle weakness
Central obesity distribution
Back pain
Thirst
Skin color changes
Bone and joint pain
Htn
Headaches
Frequent urination
Moon face
Weight gain
Acne
Tests:
Dexamethasone suppression test
Cortisol level check
MRI- check for tumors
Treatment:
Surgery to remove tumor
Monitor corticosteroid levels
Monitor the patient for:
Kidney stones
Htn
Bone fractures
DM
Infections |
|
|
Term
| DKA- causes, sx, tests, tx, monitoring |
|
Definition
Causes: Insufficient insulin causing ketone production which end up in the urine. More common
in type I vs. type 2 DM.
Symptoms:
Low BP
Abdominal pain
Headaches
Rapid breathing
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Fruit breath smell
Mental deficits
Tests:
Elevated glucose levels
Increased amylase and potassium levels
Ketones in urine
Check BP
Treatment:
Insulin
IV fluids
Monitor the patient for:
Renal failure
MI
Coma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Both are stimulated by TSH release from the Pituitary gland
T4 control basal metabolic rate
T4 becomes T3 within cells. (T3) Active form.
T3 radioimmunoassay- Check T3 levels
Hyperthyroidism- T3 increased, T4 normal- (in many cases)
Medications that increase levels of T4:
Methadone
Oral contraceptives
Estrogen
Cloffibrate
Medications that decrease levels of T4:
Lithium
Propranolol
Interferon alpha
Anabolic steroids
Methiamazole |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytic thyroiditis- causes, sx, tests, tx, monitoring |
|
Definition
Hyperthyroidism leading to hypothyroidism and then normal levels.
Causes: Lymphocytes permeate the thyroid gland causing hyperthyroidism initially.
Symptoms:
Fatigue
Menstrual changes
Weight loss
Poor temperature tolerance
Muscle weakness
Hyperthyroidism symptoms
Tests:
T3/T4 increased
Increased HR
Lymphocyte concentration noted with biopsy
Treatment:
Varies depending on symptoms. (Beta
blockers may be used.)
Monitor the patient for:
Autoimmune thyroditis
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Goiter
Stuma lymphomatosoma |
|
|
Term
| Graves’ disease- causes, sx, tests, tx, monitoring |
|
Definition
most commonly linked to hyperthyroidism, and is an autoimmune disease.
Symptoms:
Elevated appetite
Anxiety
Menstrual changes
Fatigue
Poor temperature tolerance
Diplopia
Exophthalmos
Tests:
Elevated HR
Increased T3/T4 levels
Serum TSH levels are decreased
Goiter
Treatment:
Beta-blockers
Surgery
Prednisone
Radioactive iodine
Monitor the patient for:
Fatigue
CHF
Depression
Hypothyroidism (over-correction) |
|
|
Term
| Type I diabetes- causes, sx, tests, tx, monitoring |
|
Definition
Causes: Poor insulin production from the beta cells of the pancreas. Excessive levels of glucose
in the blood stream that cannot be used due to the lack of insulin. Moreover, the patient
continues to experience hunger, due to the cells not getting the fuel that they need. After 7-10
years the beta cells are completely destroyed in many cases.
Symptoms:
Weight loss
Vomiting
Nausea
Abdominal pain
Frequent urination
Elevated thirst
Tests:
Fasting glucose test
Insulin test
Urine analysis
Treatment:
Insulin
Relieve the diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms
Foot ulcer prevention
Monitor for infection:
Monitor for hypoglycemia conditions if type I
is over-corrected.
Glucagon may need to be administered if
hypoglycemia conditions are severe.
Monitor the patient for ketone build-up if type
I untreated.
Get the eyes checked- once a year |
|
|
Term
| Type II diabetes- risk factors, sx, tests, tx, monitoring |
|
Definition
Risk factors for Type II Diabetes:
Obesity
Limited exercise individuals
Race-Minorities have a higher distribution
Elevated Cholesterol levels
Htn
Bad diet
Htn
Weight distribution around the waist/overweight.
Certain minority groups
History of diabetes in your family
Poor exercise program
Elevated triglyceride levels
Symptoms:
Blurred vision
Fatigue
Elevated appetite
Frequent urination
Thirst
Note: A person may have Type II and be
symptom free.
Tests:
Random blood glucose test.
Oral glucose tolerance test
Fasting glucose test.
Treatment:
Tlazamide
Glimepiride
Control diet
Increase exercise levels
Repaglidine/Nateglinide
Glycosylated hemoglobin
BUN/ECG
Frequent blood sugar testing
Acarbose
Diabetic Ulcer prevention
Monitor the patient for:
Neuropathy
CAD
Retinopathy
PVD
Htn |
|
|
