Term
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Definition
| chemical substances secreted by the endocrine cells |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones that act on target cells in same area by diffusing through interstitial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones that act back on identical cells to modulate their own secretion or other intracellular process |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones that regulate process within their own cell |
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Term
| Locations of endocrine cells |
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Definition
| pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and parathyroid glands; gonads, pancreatic islets |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cell cause endocrine cells to respond; some neurons extend axons in bundles or tracts adjacent to capillaries and release neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| neuropeptide - signaling molecule from cell body of a neuron |
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Definition
| decreased plasma concentration of glucose; results from hypersecretion of insulin; symptoms worse in fasting state. |
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Definition
| hormone that stimulates release of stored glucose from liver; |
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Term
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Definition
| neuroendocrine gland hormone; acts on liver to release stored glucose and on other tissues to reduce glucose use |
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Term
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Definition
| GTP-binding protein that helps attach granules to specific sites |
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Term
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Definition
| thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3); synthesized from tyrosine and iodide |
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Term
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Definition
| cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, estrogens, progestins, vitamin D; synthesized from cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones with largely paracrine actions; synthesized from unsaturated essential fatty acid |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the final substrate leads to a decrease in the hormone secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| final substrate leads to further hormone production; occasional - Labor- oxytocin leads to further uterine contractions that stimulate more oxytocin and subsequently more uterine contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| sum of all removal processes; includes metabolic degradation, target cell uptake, urinary and biliary excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| milligram per minute of urinary excretion |
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Term
| basal metabolic rate or resting metabolic rate |
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Definition
| absolute minimal energy expenditure |
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Term
| major pancreatic islet hormones |
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Definition
| insulin and glucagon; coordinate disposition of nutrient input from meals and flow of endogenous substrates during fasting via actions on the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle mass |
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Term
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Definition
| results from complete destruction of B eta cells and loss of all insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| most common form of disease; eventually glucose is no longer recognized as a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| neurovascular region situated below the hypothalamus |
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Term
| blood supply to posterior pituitary |
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Definition
| inferior hypophyseal artery |
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Term
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Definition
| usually negative; hormones from adenohypophysis regulate concentrations of hormones secreted by the thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands; peripherally generated peptide products and substrates such as glucose or free fatty acids; these feed back to regulate output of both hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. |
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Term
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Definition
| negative feedback exerted by the anterior pituitary hormones on the synthesis or discharge of the related hypothalamic releasing of inhibiting hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| hypothalamic releasing hormone may inhibit is own synthesis and discharge or the synthesis of a paired hypothalamic inhibiting hormone. |
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Term
| central diabetes insipidus |
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Definition
| deficiency of ADH by disease or traumatic destruction of ADH neurons; Excess urine output (500-1000mL/hr); no concentration of urine; death due to dehydration |
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Term
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Definition
| hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) in adults after closure of the growth plates. Thick skin, enlarged muscles (such as tongue), accelerated atherosclerosis, widening of bones, especially brows and limbs |
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Term
| thyroxine binding globulins |
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Definition
| TBG - glycoprotein that is synthesized in the liver; binds molecules of T4 and T3 |
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Term
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Definition
| protein made from tyrosine molecules that is iodinated on specific constituent tyrosines that are brought into proximity for coupling by the tree-dimensional structure of the protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| severe hypothyroidism commonly caused by insufficient iodine. |
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Term
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Definition
| thyroid-stimulating hormone; thyrotropin |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic stimulation of thyroid resulting in enlargement of the gland |
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