Term
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Definition
| condition of normal eye, perfect vision |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles on lens become difficult to move, lens becomes firmer, pt losses ability to make lens rounder, progressive, decrease in accommodation |
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Term
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Definition
| "near-sighted", difficulty seeing far away, eye is too long |
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Term
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Definition
| "far-sighted", difficulty seeing close up, eye is too short |
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Term
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Definition
| error in focusing ability of the eye, light does not uniformly focus in all directions, caused by unequal curvature of the front surface of the cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| opacity of lens, degenerative eye disease, gradual onset, occurs with aging, common cuase of blindness |
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Term
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Definition
| used to dilate pupils, "Mydriacyl 1.0% and Pheylephrine 2.5%" |
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Term
| Contraindications to mydriatic agents |
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Definition
| Head injury, coma, altered mental status, narrow-angle glaucoma |
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Term
| Causes of absense of red reflex |
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Definition
1. opacity of the lens (cataract)
2. artificial eye
3. vitreous opacity or hemorrage
4. detached retina
5. retinoblastoma (children) |
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Term
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Definition
Vitreous hemorrhage
cuased by trauma or disease
retianl vessels bleeding into vitreous humor |
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Term
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Definition
Retinal tear
caused by trauma
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Term
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Definition
Detached retina
pt has decreased/cloudy vision, rapid loss of vision, preceded by flashing lights and floaters
on exam, floating folds are observed
separation of retinal from blood supply
increase risk in pts with increase age, myopia, and post-op ocular surgery
can also occur w blunt trauma to eye
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Term
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Definition
Retinoblastoma
mostly seen in children
most common malignant tumor of retina
hereditary component
pupil will appear white, pale fundus
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Term
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Definition
Optic disc crescent
appear black, white, or gray
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Term
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Definition
Optic atrophy
death of optic nerve fibers
disc appears white in absence of disc vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Medullary or myelinated nerve fibers
benign, present at birth in 0.5% of population
nerve fibers appear as white patches w feathery borders that radiate from the optic disk and cover vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Papilledema
swelling of the optic disc
ant bulging of the physiologic cup
cuased by increased intracranial pressure, sign of a brain disorder |
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Term
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Definition
Glaucoma cupping
increased pressure in the eye causes incerased cupping and atrophy
base of cup is pale, cup appears enlarged, retinal vessels sink in or under it and may be displaced nasally |
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Term
| primary open angled glaucoma |
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Definition
| cuase unkonw, increase intraocular pressure, decrease visual fields and vision |
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Term
| closed narrow angled (accute narrow angled) glaucoma |
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Definition
| blockage of aqueous humor drainage in teh canal of Schlemm, sudden onset, HA, halo, vomitting, FIXED DILATED PUPIL, conjunctival injection |
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Term
| closed narrow angled (accute narrow angled) glaucoma |
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Definition
| blockage of aqueous humor drainage in teh canal of Schlemm, sudden onset, HA, halo, vomitting, FIXED DILATED PUPIL, conjunctival injection |
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Term
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Definition
Soft exudates
associated w HTN and diabetes
light colored retinal spot, "cotton wool patches", variable patterns
results from infarcted nerve fibers of retina |
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Term
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Definition
Hard exudates
associated with diabetes and HTN
light colored retinal spot with well-defined "hard" borders
occur in clusters, circles, linear, or start shaped patterns |
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Term
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Definition
Drusen bodies
undigested cellular debris
combination of hard and soft exudates occuring in a round shape, surrounding the macula
associtated with macular degeneration
common cause of blindness > 60 yrs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Copper wiring
arteries near the disc become thickened, tortuous and twisted, causes increased light reflex - the arteries will "glow" with a bright coppery luster
associated with HTN |
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Term
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Definition
Silver wiring
narrowed artery is so opaque that no blood is visible
associated with HTN |
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Term
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Definition
AV nicking
vein appears to stop abruptly on either side of artery |
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Term
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Definition
AV tapering
vein appears to taper down on either side of artery |
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Term
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Definition
| vein appears twisted on the distal side of the artery |
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Term
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Definition
Central retinal vein occlusion
BLOOD AND THUNDER
1. diffuse retinal hemorrhage
2. cotton-wool spots (soft exudates)
3. dilated tortuous retinal veins
4. optic disc edema
associated with DM, HTN, and glaucoma |
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Term
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Definition
Neovascularization
formation of new blood vessels (both veins and arteries), vessels are more numerous, more tortuous, narrower, form arcades
may grow into vitreous and cause retinal detachment, hemorrhage, and blindness
associated with diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
central retinal artery occlusion
CHERRY RED SPOT ON MACULA
S: sudden unilateral vision loss, preceded by transient blurring, painless
O: edematous retina, narrowed artery, milky optic disc, pale fundus
common in early am and in elderly men |
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Term
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Definition
Microaneurysm
tiny round red sponts in/around the macula
minute dilations of very small retinal vessels
seen in diabetic retinopathy |
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Term
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Definition
Deep retinal hemorrhage
small, round, irregular spots
occur in deep layer of retina
associated with diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
Superficial retinal hemorrhage
FLAME STITCH HEMORRHAGE
small, linear, flame-shaped, red streaks in the fundus
associated with HTN, papilledema, and retinal vein occlusion (blood and thunder) |
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Term
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Definition
Pre-retinal hemorrhage
blood escapes into potential space bw retina and vitreous, blood pools due to gravity
larger than retinal hemorrhages, crescent shaped
causes sudden increase in intracranial pressure |
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Term
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Definition
Roth spots
retinal hemorrhages with white/pale centers due to coagulated fibrin
caused by immune complex mediated vasculitis seen in many autoimmune disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic strands formed by vitreous gel degeneration - could look like dust or strings, part of teh normal aging process, could predispose pt to retinal detachment |
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Term
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Definition
Macular stars
accumulation of edema in a steallate pattern
associated with HTN and hypertensive retinopathy
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Term
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Definition
Hypertensive retinopathy
S: asymptomatic
O: AV nicking, retinal edema, tortuous retinal blood vessels, arterial dilations, soft exudates, hemorrhages, retinal edema, papilledema
prone to leak blood
due to HTN |
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Term
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Definition
diabetic retinopathy
most common cuase of blindness in americans 20-74
more commen in women
causes decreased vision
occurs in 3 stages |
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Term
| diabetic retinopathy stage 1 |
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Definition
| nonproliferative stage 1. microaneurysms 2. tortuous vessels 3. dilatation 4. non perfusion (pumping a liquid into an organ or tissue) to affected areas (will start to see some ischemia- local anemia in a given body part) 5. hard exudates 6. macular edema |
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Term
| diabetic retinopathy stage 2 |
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Definition
preproliferative stage
1. addition of cotton wool patches |
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Term
| diabetic retinopathy stage 3 |
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Definition
proliferative stage
1. neovascularization
2. vitreous hemorrhage
3. retinal detachment
4. vision loss |
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