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| Bias between different rock types and volumes. |
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| Bias towards fossilization of hardbodied organisms. |
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| Terrestrial origin of viviparity in Chaohusaurus |
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| NO evidence for viviparity in terrestrial reptiles before this date likely due to aquatic presevation bias. |
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| Iron speciation data and element abundance data to determine the plants previous atmospheric and oceanic states of redox. Redox stability coincides with Ediacaran metazoan proliferation. Differences in timing between ocean basins also implies that pO2 oxidised the deep oceans on a basin by basin basis. |
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| absence of turbinate bones in early birds and dinosaurs implies that they would have low resting metabolic rates as would not have been able to maintain high body temperature like modern homeotherms. Could be explanations for this like turbinates may have originated in cartilage or are not well preserved. |
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| Archosaurs pelvic girdle breathing? No only corcodylians by using xray analysis of extant species and comparing the only one that does bone morphology to the fossil record. Seems more plausible |
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| Insects from the carboniferous with a partial oxygen tension of 35 kPa were much bigger. Using extant species measured responses to hyper/hyp-oxia. In hypoxia insects grew to smaller sizes. In hyperoxia less investment in tracheal system and some grew to larger sizes. Larger insects also found to invest a greater protion of energy in the tracheal system in normoxic conditions. This implies a role of oxygen concnetration in body size but is not conclusive. |
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| Bigger data sets reefs and shell assemblages in particular. |
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| Multifactorial mechanism for end Permian extinction. Used physiological data from extant phyla and geochemistry data of the planet at the time to identify which species would be at risk of extinction. Identified skeletal invertebrates and reef building corals was especially prevalent due to hypercapnia but is not limited to this. it is likely that sulfide poisoning and hypoxia also played a role. Terrestrial organisms adapted physiologically or behaviourally to increased temperature were also spared. global warming co2. |
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| Used a relaxed molecular clock and bayesian statictics to estimate the divergence of cephalopod taxa. Found that the internalization of the shell had arrisen multiple times. Empirical evidence for convergent evolution. Different pathways were responsible as identified by embryology. Interesting to see that convergent evolution has occurred within closely related species. |
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| Sulfate concentration in the ocean. Diatom Dinofalgellate and Coccolithophorids all respond with positive growth up to 10uM sulfate. No response in CYanobacteria or green algae. COuld be that sulfate was a driving force in the proliferation of chlorophyll a + c in the oceans. In paleozoic, proterozoic and present day models, diatoms outgrew all in present day whereas green algae was the best in proterozoic. |
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| MMR 200-100mya. quantitaive evidence for increase in metabolic rate and body size as well as carnivory. 150% increadee in me and 8 fold increase in energy required from primary production. |
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| eyes of ichthyosaurs used to predict diving ability. would have been able to see at depths of up to 600m as they had exceptionally large eyes in relation to body size. Estimated f-number of 0.76-1.1, lower number means larger aperture and woud therefore be able to take in more light. Examined pathologies synonymous with the bends and found that these positively correlated with reduction in predicted f number. not solid evidence but sound theory. |
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