PSA 

(Posterior Superior Alveolar)

Field: pulps of maxillary molars (except mesiobuccal root of first molar), facial periodontium on injected side

Penetration Site: Height of mucobuccal fold

Landmarks: Mucobuccal fold, posterior to zygomatic process, superior to distobuccal root of maxillary second molar

Length of needle: 25 or 27 gauge short needle (27 most common)

Angle of insertion: upward at 45 degree angle to occlusal plane of maxillary teeth, inward at 45 degrees to midsagittal plane

Penetration: 16 mm

Amount: 0.9 ml- 1.8 ml

MSA

(Middle Superior Alveolar)

Field: Maxillary premolars, mesiobuccal root of first molar, facial to affected teeth

Penetration site: Height of mucobuccal fold above second premolar

Landmarks: Above apex of second premolar, mucobuccal fold

Length of needle: Short 25/27 gauge

Angle of insertion: 20 degrees medially bevel toward bone

Penetration: Variable, inserted well above apex of second premolar

Amount: 0.9-1.2 ml

ASA 

(Anterior Superior Alveolar)

Field: canine, lateral, central, facial to affected teeth

Penetration site: Height of mucobuccal fold above canine

Landmarks: Above apex of canine, infraorbital foramen, mucobuccal fold, canine eminence

Length of needle: Short 25/27 gauge

Angle of insertion: 25 degrees medially bevel toward bone

Penetration: Varies, needle tip inserted to point above apex of canine

Amount: 0.9-1.2 ml

GP

(Greater Palatine)

Field: posterior portion of hard palate and overlying soft tissues, anteriorly as far as the first premolar and medially to the midline

Penetration site: Anterior depression of GP foramen, at junction of palatine bone and alveolar process above and lingual to second molar

Landmarks: Greater palatine foramen

Length of needle: Extra-short or short 30/27 gauge

Angle of insertion: From opposite side of mouth at right angle to target area bevel toward palate

Penetration: Needle insert 4-6 mm (<10 mm)

Amount: 0.4-0.6 ml

NP/PASA

(Palatial Anterior Superior Alveolar)

Field: Central, lateral, canine, periodontium to affected teeth

Penetration site: Infiltration: lateral to incisive papilla, block: center of papilla on midline

Landmarks: incisive papilla, incisive foramen

Length of needle: Extra-short or short 30/27 gauge

Angle of insertion: 45 degree angle bevel toward palate

Penetration: 6-10 mm

Amount: 1.4-1.8 mm

LB

(Buccal)

Field: soft tissue and periosteum buccal to mandibular posterior teeth

Penetration site: Mucous membrane distal and lateral to most posterior molar

Length of needle: short or long 25 gauge (when given alone) /27 gauge (when following IA)

Angle: syringe parallel to occlusal plane, lateral to teeth, bevel toward bone

Penetration: < or equal to 4 mm, bevel under tissue, bevel toward bone

Amount: 0.2-0.3 mm

IA

(Inferior Alveolar)

Field: All teeth in quadrant, all periodontium, buccal mucosa premolars to midline, floor of mouth and 1/2 tongue in quadrant

Penetration site: Medial to internal oblique ridge, lateral to pterygomandibular raphe, at or above height of cornoid notch

Landmarks: oblique ridge, pterygomandibular raphe, coronoid notch, mandibular foramen

Length of needle: Long 25/27 gauge

Angle of insertion: 2/3 to 3/4 length of needle, until concat with bone, bevel toward bone

Penetration: 2/3 to 3/4 length of needle until contact with bone, bevel toward bone

Amount: 1.5-1.8 ml

Field: pulpal limited to tooth at site of infiltration, premolars to midline

Penetration site: Mucobuccal fold at or just anterior to mental foramen

Landmarks: mucobuccal fold, mental foramen

Angle: 20 degrees to long axis of premolars, bevel toward bone

Penetration: 5-6 mm

Amount: 0.6 ml

Infiltration 

(Either arch)

Field: At injection site

Penetration site: Mucobuccal fold to tooth

Landmarks: selected soft tissue, gingival or apex of tooth

Length of needle: Extra- short or short 25/27/30 gauge

Angle: 20 degrees to long axis of tooth, directed toward apex of tooth bevel toward bone

Penetration: 3-6 mm at apex

Amount: 0.6 ml