Term
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Definition
Located retroperitoneally
Lie on either side of vertebral column
Usually between 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
-hollow renal sinus
-the ureter expands into the renal pelvis which in turn leads to the major and and minor calyces. renal papillae project into the minor calyces
-kidney tissue is divided into a medulla and cortext |
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Term
| functions of the kidneys? |
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Definition
The main function of the kidneys is to regulate the volume, composition, and pH of body fluids
The kidneys remove metabolic wastes from the blood and excrete them to the outside of the body, including nitrogenous and sulfur-containing products of protein metabolism
The kidneys also help control the rate of red blood cell production, regulate blood pressure, and regulate calcium ion absorption |
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Term
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Definition
function unit of the kidney
consist of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
- controls the composistion of body fluids and remove waste from the blood |
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Term
| how is glomerular filtrate produced? |
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Definition
| when the glomerular capillaries filter plasma |
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Term
| composition of glomerular filtrate? |
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Definition
| mostly sodium and chloride |
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Term
| The main force that moves substances by filtration through the glomerular capillary wall is __________of the blood inside |
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Definition
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Term
| Primarily three mechanisms are responsible for keeping the GFR constant: |
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Definition
| 1.Autoregulation 2.Increased sympathetic impulses that decrease GFR by causing afferent arterioles to constrict 3.The hormone-like renin-angiotensin system 4.hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which affects sodium, causing an increase in GFR |
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Term
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Definition
move from the renal tubules into the interstitial fluid then peritubular capillaries
The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs (70%):Glucose, water, urea, proteins, and creatine
Amino, lactic, citric, and uric acids
Phosphate, sulfate, calcium, potassium, and sodium ions |
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Term
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Definition
move from the plasma of the peritubular capillaries into the fluid of the renal tubules
Active transport mechanisms function here
Secretion of substances such as drugs and ions |
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Term
tubular reabsorption urine formation:
if the concentration of a substance in the flitrate exceeds its ___ _____ threshold, it is excreted as urine |
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Definition
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Term
Tubular secretion urine formation:
the _____ ______ _____ and ____ _____ are impermeable to water, which therefore is excreted as urine |
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Definition
| distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts |
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Term
| countercurrent mechanism in the nephron loops ensures that the medullary interstitial fluid becomes |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones effect ability of the kidneys to maintain the internal environment? |
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Definition
aldosterone and ANP affect the solute concentration of urine, particularly sodium
-they help concentrate urine by reabsorbing large volumes of water |
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Term
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Definition
Each is about 25 centimeters long
Extends downward posterior to the parietal peritoneum
Runs parallel to vertebral column
Join the urinary bladder in the pelvic cavity
The wall of ureter has three layers:
The inner mucous coat
The middle muscular coat
The outer fibrous coat |
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Term
| urinary bladder description |
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Definition
is a hollow, distensible, muscular organ located within the pelvic cavity, posterior to the symphysis pubis and inferior to the parietal peritoneum
It contacts the anterior walls of the uterus and vagina in the female
lies posteriorly against the rectum in the male |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
is a tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
Its wall is lined with a mucous membrane and it has a thick layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers |
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Term
| Urine leaves the urinary bladder by |
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Definition
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Term
| in micturition, the ____ muscle contracts and the external urethral sphincter relazes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Bladder fills with urine > Stretch receptors in bladder are stimulated
Need to urinate
Contractions of the external urethral sphincter and inhibition of micturation reflex prevent urination
Decision to urinate = external urethral sphincter relaxes and detrusor muscle contracts |
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Term
| how does the urinary system change with age? |
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Definition
The kidneys become slower to remove nitrogenous wastes and toxins and to compensate for changes that maintain homeostasis
Changes include:
The kidneys appear scarred and grainy
Kidney cells die
By age 80 the kidneys have lost a third of their mass
Kidney shrinkage is due to loss of glomeruli
Proteinuria may develop
The renal tubules thicken
It is harder for the kidneys to clear certain substances
The bladder, ureters, and urethra lose elasticity
The bladder holds less urine |
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Term
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Definition
forms in the nephrons
collecting ducts
renal papillae
kidney
renal pelvis
ureter
bladder
urethra |
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