Term
| Where do Carbohydrates come from? |
|
Definition
| grains legumes veggies fruit and dairy products (lactose) |
|
|
Term
Carbohydrates are made up of:
Categories include-
simple Carbohydrates:
complex Carbohydrates: |
|
Definition
varying numbers of sugar moleculers (units)
simple are monosaccharides (1 sugar unit) and disacharides (2)
complex are oligosaccharides (3-10) and polysaccharides (many) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
single surgar units always have the smae ration of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms (C:H:O=1:2:1)
Subclassified by number of carbons they have:
3= triose
4=tetrose
5=pentose
6=hexose |
|
|
Term
| In nutrition and diet, the monosacchrides are: glucose, galactose, and fructose are subclassified as: |
|
Definition
glucose, galactose, and fructose and they are subclassified as:
Hexose, they have 6 Carbsons
C6 H12 O6 |
|
|
Term
Oreintation of the Monosacchraide Hydroxyl Group:
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
What does this change |
|
Definition
Glucose Hydroxyl group downward
Galactose different shape
Fructose faces up
Makes them digested differently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by plants via photosynthesis, plants use sun energy to combine CO2 and and water to form glucose. It is stored as starch in plants (amylose, amylopectin) |
|
|
Term
| When Animals ingest starch: |
|
Definition
| it is broken down (digested) into glucose and metabolized for ATP energy |
|
|
Term
| Fructose is naturally found in--, but majority in our diet comes from-- |
|
Definition
honey fruits and vegetables
Highfructose corn syrup (which is equal parts glucose and fructose) |
|
|
Term
| Is high fructose corn syrup different from sugar? Whats the problem? |
|
Definition
| Sucrose= glucose and fructose so chemically they are the same. The problem in portion size. In 1970s the technology came to make HFCS, which decreased table sugar injestion but increaced total sugar consumption |
|
|
Term
| Where is galactose found? |
|
Definition
| few foods just have galactose, rather it is incorporated into larger carb molecules particulary lactose= glucose and galactose |
|
|
Term
| What is monosaccharide nomenclature based on? |
|
Definition
1. namin carbon atoms in sugar molecules
2. direction of the hydroxyl group (OH-) on carbon 1. |
|
|
Term
When the hydroxyl group is below the carbon 1=
Above C1= |
|
Definition
alpha is below
beta is above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fored when two sugar units (monosaccharides) are joined together by a glycosidic bond |
|
|
Term
| How is a glycosidic bond formed? |
|
Definition
| involves the removal of water molecule= condensation reaction |
|
|
Term
| Namin glycosidic bonds is based on: |
|
Definition
1. number of carbon atoms form the glycosidic bond
2. the oreintation (alpha or beta) of the hydroxyl group on c1 |
|
|
Term
| One of the monosaccharides out of the 2 in a disacharide is always? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name the monosacchraides and where its found:
1. Sucrose
2. Maltose
3. Lactose |
|
Definition
1. Sucrose= fructose+glucose, found in all plants particulary high in sugar cane and sugar beets
2. Maltose= Glucose+Glucose, formed during starch digestion
3. Lactose= Galactose+Glucose, produced in mammary glands during lactation |
|
|
Term
| Added sugar vs natural sugar? |
|
Definition
added sugar is added during processing
On food labels the term "sugar" refers to both, chemically they are the same
Added sugars have little nutritional value beyound the calories |
|
|
Term
| What are the polysaccharides? How are they different? |
|
Definition
Made up of many glucose molecules:
Starch
Glycogen
Fiber
Different bc of the bonds between the molecules and their arrangement |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of starch? |
|
Definition
Amylopectin (70-90% startch inplants)
Amylose (10-30%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Linear chain of glucose molecules bonded together by an alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeating chain of glucose molecules with alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds and branch points with alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
highly branches arrangement of glucose founds only in liver and skeletal muscle cells. Only small amounts of glucose can be stored in clycogen (200-500g total)
Branch points occur apprx ever 10th glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can provide a source of glucose when blood glucose levles are low. When blood glucose levels are low enzymes can split liver glycogen apart. The glucose can be released into the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
muscle lacks the enzyme needed to release glucose into the blood.
The glucose released from the breakdown of muscle glycogen is used to fuel physical activity. |
|
|
Term
| Athletes use a technique called carb loading to : |
|
Definition
| to increase amount of glycogen stored by muscle. |
|
|
Term
| What does dietary fiber refer to? |
|
Definition
| naturally occruing, diverse group of plant polysaccharides (other than starch) that cant be digested in the human small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Generally fiber consists of glucose molecules bonded with: |
|
Definition
| beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds which are impervious to human digestive enzymes making it indigestable |
|
|
Term
| Different types of fiber's physical properties: |
|
Definition
Some have high water holding capacity and form gels (high viscosity) in GI tract (water soluble, like oatmeal)
Some act as sequestrants (binders) in GI tract
Some do not mix with water and add bulk to feces (water-insoluble, celery) |
|
|
Term
| What type of fiber do plants consist of? |
|
Definition
| mix of different types which are all important to health |
|
|
Term
| Health benifits of fiber? |
|
Definition
Colon health-constipation, diverticular disease, healthy microbioata, colon cancer
Heart disease- lower blood cholesterol and glucose |
|
|
Term
| Dietary Fiber and Colon Health: |
|
Definition
Inverse releationship between fiber, transit time and stool weight
Fiber that adds bulk: increases fecal mass making it easier to have a bowel movement (stimulates peristalsis) meaning less strain-decreasing diverticular
Water holding viscous fibe- added moisture reduces constipation and diverticular disease (less strain) |
|
|
Term
| Effect of DF on colon cancer, transit time, stool weight. |
|
Definition
| DF increases stool weight, which decreases colon cancer. |
|
|
Term
| Sequestrians effect on health: |
|
Definition
lower risk of heart disease bc they bind with bile, helping to block reabsorption of bile so the liver must use cholesterol to make more bile.
It also binds to glucose in GI tract to decrease glucose absorption |
|
|
Term
| Dissacharides in the small intestine: |
|
Definition
| too big to cross brush border cell membrane of enterocytes so the sugar enzyme disaccharidases reside along the brus border, hydrolyze the bond holding the 2 monosaccharides together. |
|
|
Term
Which enzymes hydrolize:
lactose
sucrose
maltose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is lactose intolerance? |
|
Definition
individuals who are lactose intolerant do not make adequate amounts of the enzyme lactase, and w.out it lactose cant be absorbed, so instead it is passedinto the large intestine causing diarhea, gas cramping bc bacteria ferment lactose (gas) and it pulls water into colon (cramping, bloating, diarheea)
Not a milk alergy |
|
|
Term
| What causes lactose intolerance? |
|
Definition
lactase production can decrease in response to other illneses such as celiacs disease.
Genetics0 tends to be high in ethinc groups (Native amer, asian amer, african amer)
and tends to be low in certain ethnic groups (northwestern swedes, danes) |
|
|
Term
| How does age influence lactase production? |
|
Definition
almost all kids produce lactase bc they have a working lactase gene but over time most ppl lose that ability
Some think lactose intolerance is normal adn that lactase persistance (the ability to produce lactase into adulthood) is a genetic variation that developed over time. |
|
|
Term
Some lactose intolerance individuals can:
What products are available for others? |
|
Definition
consume small amounts of lactose w/out problems.
Some can consume fermented dairy (cheese, yogurt) with no problems
Products availiable with reduced lactose content. Or purchase lactaid tablet= lactose |
|
|
Term
| Starch (amylose and amylopectin) digestion is: |
|
Definition
| the chemical breakdown of amylopectin and amylose to individual glucose molecules. |
|
|
Term
| Starch (amylose and amylopectin) digestion in the mouth: |
|
Definition
| salivary glands release salivary alpha-amylase which hydrolyzes alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds to form detrins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a partial breakdown product formed during starch digestion consisting of varying numbers of glucose units |
|
|
Term
| Starch (amylose and amylopectin) digestion in the stomach: |
|
Definition
| no further starch digestion in the stomach bc the acidic gastric juice destroys the enzymatic activity of salivary-alpha-amylase. THe dextrins move unchanged to the small intestine |
|
|
Term
Starch (amylose) digestion in the small intestine:
3 enzymes |
|
Definition
amylose- pancreas releases pancreatic alpha amylase which hydrolyzes alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds in mylose and in amylopectin. Dextrins are broken down into maltose.
Maltase (brush border enzyme) hydrolyzes the remaining glycosodic bond in maltose yielding 2 glucose molecules. |
|
|
Term
Starch (amylopectin) digestion in the small intestine:
4 enzymes (one extra step than amylose) |
|
Definition
Amylopectin- pancreas release pancreatic alpha amylase which hydrolyzes alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds in mylose and in amylopectin. Dextrins are broken down into maltose and limit dextrins. Limit dextrins are gluocse fragments that contain the branch point (alpha 1,6 glycosidic bond)
Maltase (brush border enzyme) hydrolyzes the remaining glycosodic bond in maltose yielding 2 glucose molecules.
Dexatrinase (Brush border enzyme) hydrolyzes the alpha 1-6 glycosidic bon in limit dextrins yielding glucose molecules |
|
|
Term
Pancreatic Amylase hydrolizes-
source:
What does it work on? |
|
Definition
alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Pancreas Dextrins to Maltose |
|
|
Term
Salivary Amylase hydrolyses-
source:
What does it work on? |
|
Definition
alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds
salivary glands
Amylose to dextrins |
|
|
Term
Dextrinase hydrolizes-
source:
What does it work on? |
|
Definition
alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds (so only in Amylopectin)
Brush border in small intestine
Limit dextrins to glucose |
|
|
Term
Maltase hydrolizes-
source:
What does it work on? |
|
Definition
Maltose
brush border small intestine
Maltose to glucose |
|
|
Term
| Upon absorption where do glucose fructose and galactose go? What happens there? |
|
Definition
they are circulated to the liver (via the hepatic portal vein)
The liver ezymes convert most of the galactose and some fo the fructose into glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inborn error of metabolism (inhereted metabolic disease) characterized by elevated levels of galactose in the blood. Defect or deficiency in liver enzymes needed to convert it to the glucose |
|
|
Term
Type of transport entering enterocytes? and exit?
For glucose and fructose? |
|
Definition
glucose enters via carrier mediated and exits facilitated ( no energy)
Fructose (no energy for both) |
|
|
Term
| What does elevated galactose do? Treatment? |
|
Definition
| causes brain damage, jaundice, kidney damage, and cataract. Treatment is a diet low in galactose - meaning babies have to be on lactose free diet, on soy formula |
|
|
Term
| What is the glycemic response? |
|
Definition
a rise in blood glucose levels is dectectable within 15-45 minutes after eating
Describe how quickly, how high, and how long, glucose levels are high depending on what we eat |
|
|
Term
| What is the glycemic index? |
|
Definition
rating system used to evaluate food in terms of their effect on blood glucose.
Based on pure glucose (highest, doesn't need digested, fast into blood, GI=100) Everything compared to glucose |
|
|
Term
| High glycemic index means? |
|
Definition
| GI>70 causes a fast and high blood glucose response |
|
|
Term
| Low glycemic index means? |
|
Definition
| GI<55 gradual response in blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| What is the dogma behind glycemic index? |
|
Definition
Not correct:
simple sugars have a high glycemic index and starch have a low glycemic index |
|
|
Term
| What are the limitations to Glycemic Index? |
|
Definition
The GI values of food are not what you expect.
High GI>70 foods are baked potato, bagel, dates, popcorn
Low GI<55 foods are chocolate bar, whole wheat bread, banana, carrots, cola |
|
|
Term
| What is the glycemic load? |
|
Definition
assesse the effect of a food on blood glucose but also takes into account the CHO content. GL X CHO g /100
Takes in to account how many grams of carbs |
|
|
Term
| Glycemic Load -- is considered to have a relatively high glyceric response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of regulating blood glucose levels? |
|
Definition
| prolonged elevation of blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) is unhealthy and can damage blood vessels and nerves. When blood glucose leves are too low (hypoglycemia) it can cause coma and death. |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for regulating blood glucose levels? |
|
Definition
| insulin and glucagon hormones |
|
|
Term
| An increase in blood glucose following a meal triggers the? |
|
Definition
| beta cells of the pancreas to increase the release of insulin |
|
|
Term
| Low blood glucose levels trigger the? |
|
Definition
| Alpha cells of the pancreas to increase release of glucagon |
|
|
Term
| Starch (amylose and amylopectin) digestion is: |
|
Definition
| the chemical breakdown of amylopectin and amylose to individual glucose molecules. |
|
|
Term
| Insulin facilitates? Promotes? |
|
Definition
| the uptake of glucose into certain cells. Promotes storage of excess of energy |
|
|
Term
| Which cells use glucose for energy? |
|
Definition
All cells use glucose for energy
some use glucose exclusively (red blood cells) and some cells use gluocse preferentially (nerve and brain cells) as an energy source |
|
|
Term
For cells to use glucose as an energy source, what must happen?
What do some cells require for this to happen? |
|
Definition
glucose must be transported across the cell membrane (outside the cell into the cell)
Some cells require insulin for glucose to be transported across cell membranes, and some don't require insuling |
|
|
Term
| Which cells require insulin to uptake glucose? |
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle cells and adipose tissue cells are insulin requiring cells, in order for these cells to take up glucose |
|
|
Term
What is the role of insulin in the cellular uptake of glucose?
Insulin is released in response to-
Binds- |
|
Definition
| Insulin is released in response to an increase in blood glucose. insulin binds to insulin receptors located on the cell membrane. Insulin binding to insulin receptors causes glucose transport molecules enable glucose to move from outside to inside of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| Insulin promoting storage of excess energy is an example of? |
|
Definition
| a negative feedback response |
|
|
Term
| What happens to excess glucose? |
|
Definition
converted to and stord as glycogen in muscle and liver cells (glycogenesis)
Promotes storing excess glucose as fat.
Inhibits the breakdown of muscle and stored fat. |
|
|
Term
| When are the effects of insulin promoting fat storage must dramatically illustrated? |
|
Definition
By what occurs when insulin is not available (untreated type 1 diabetes)
Billy Leroy- 1920s.
Type 1 Diabetes- without insulin to promote energy storage, there is a rapid loss of body fat and muscle |
|
|
Term
| How much glucose can be stored as glycogen in the body? |
|
Definition
Only limited amounts
When glycogen stores are full, excess glucose converted to fat. Once glucose is converted to fat, it can never be converted back to glucose. |
|
|
Term
Glucose to glycogen vs
glucose to fat |
|
Definition
Glucose <--->Glycogen
Glucose-----> Fat (one way) |
|
|
Term
When does Glucagon play a role?
Examples: |
|
Definition
When blood glucose is low.
fasting, low carbohydrate intake, injecting excess insulin, exercise |
|
|
Term
| In response to declining glucose levels- |
|
Definition
pancreas increases its release of hormone glucagon
glucagon promotes the breakdown of liver glycogen (glycogenolysis) and the subsequent release of glucose into the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is idiopathic postprandial syndrome? Cause? |
|
Definition
Reactive Hypoglycemia
Chronic Low blood glucose
Thought to be caused by an oversensitivity of the pancreas to a rise in blood glucose. |
|
|
Term
idiopathic postprandial syndrome Symptoms are caused by?
Characterized by? |
|
Definition
caused by release of hormone epinephrine and cortisol from the adrenal glands (stress hormone)
Characterized by: weakness, rapid heartbeat, sweating, anxiety, hunger, trembling. |
|
|
Term
| When do most people experience elevated blood glucose? People with idiopathic postprandial syndrome (IPS) |
|
Definition
postrandial (after eating).
IPS- people experience low blood glucose after eating |
|
|
Term
| 3 things to consider about starvation and glucose availability? |
|
Definition
1. Some cells use glucose as their primary source of energy and some cells use glucose exclusively as their source of energy.
2. If dietary carb is inadequate body uses limited syppy of liver glycogen as a source of glucose but glycogen is a short term fix to low blood glucose provide a source of glucose
3. Cells are not able to convert fatty acids into glucose. |
|
|
Term
| During periods of prolonged hypoglycemia, the body's first priority is? |
|
Definition
| to find a source of glucose for glucose-dependent cells (Redblood cells, brain cells, nerve cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Making glucose from noCHO sources (muscle)
They body's only other potential source of glucose is to make it from certain amino acids |
|
|
Term
| If the body depended on protein to meet its existing need for glucose, how long would we survive? How have we adapted to semi-starvation? |
|
Definition
less than 3 weeks?
By using glucose sparingly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| limited glucose availability |
|
|
Term
| What happens under conditions of adequate glucose availability? |
|
Definition
Acetyl-CoA (product of fatty acid catabolism) joins with Oxaloacetate (OAA) and enters another metabolic pathway called the citric Acid cycle.
High energy-yielding(ATP) pathway |
|
|
Term
| What are the physiological adaptation when glucose is limited (low kCal/CHO intake? |
|
Definition
Low insulin enables large amounts of fatty acids to be mobilized from storage and be used for energy
The catabolism of large amounts of fatty acids with a relative lack of glucose results in ketone formation
The brain adapts for energy source, which decreases the body dependency on glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
To conserve glucose:
The body depends - |
|
Definition
| More and more on fat as an energy source, Fat catabolism accelerates |
|
|
Term
| The breakdown of large amounts of fat with limited glucose availability results in; |
|
Definition
| formation of ketones which are released into the blood. |
|
|
Term
| Fatty Acids are broken down into |
|
Definition
| 2 carbon molecules called Acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| To be used as an energy source, Acetyl CoA must: |
|
Definition
| combone with a molecules of oxaloacetate (OAA) If OAA is limited femer molecules of acetyl-CoA enter the citric acid cyce. As a results molecules of acetyl-CoA join together forming ketones rather than glucose. |
|
|
Term
| What uses ketones instead of glucose for its energy? Thus ketones? |
|
Definition
The brain.
Ketones help to reduce the body's need for glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When ketones accumulate in the blood. Occurs when ketone formation is greater than the rate ketones are usde as an energy source. |
|
|
Term
| What does the body do to excess ketones? |
|
Definition
| tries to rid itself of excess ketones by exreting them in urine. Ketones in the urine is a sign of ketosis |
|
|
Term
| Ketogenic (low carb) diets are most commonly associated with? Why? |
|
Definition
| Popular weigh loss plans/ When fat is the primary source of calories ketones are formed. |
|
|
Term
| Ketogenic diets are one of the oldest treatments for? Why/How? |
|
Definition
| Epilepsy: When the body is in a fasting state, it increases ketone production, a by-product of fat metabolism. High Level of ketones lessens the frequency and severity of epileptic seizures in people who are unresponsive to medication |
|
|
Term
| How do Low CHO facilitate weight loss? |
|
Definition
| Low carbohydrate diets are based on the premise that minimizing CHO intake helps to lower blood insulin, which stimualates the release of stored body fat (lipolysis) allowing an increase in the use of fatty acids as an energy source, which with relatively little glucose increases ketogenesis. |
|
|
Term
| Are high protein/low CHO harmful or healthful? |
|
Definition
kidneys
Bone
loss of muscle
cause blood lipids to rise
promote faster and sustaining weight loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most commmon form of diabetes? --% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with type 2 diabetes? |
|
Definition
| More than adequate insulin production, problem is an inability of cells to bind and respond to insulin . |
|
|
Term
| What is type 2 diabetes linked with? |
|
Definition
| obesity (central/stomach) and genetics |
|
|
Term
| Other risk factors for type 2 diabetes |
|
Definition
Age, increasing incidence in children
and ethnicity (African American, Hispanic, Native America, and Pacific Islander) |
|
|
Term
| Model of type 2 diabetes: |
|
Definition
1. Pancreas releases insulin in response to increase in blood glucose
2. Insulin receptors have difficulty binding insulin, fewer glucose transportes relocate to the cell membrane. (signal is weak)
3. Hyperglycemia results when cells are not able to readily take up glucose. Takes a long time for glucose levels to come down |
|
|
Term
| Increase in body fat leads to |
|
Definition
| insulin resistance in susceptible individuals |
|
|
Term
| Increase insulin resistance causes |
|
Definition
| elevated blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| Increase in blood glucose levels: |
|
Definition
| stimulates the pancrease to release more insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promotes storage of body fat |
|
|
Term
| Other than lifestyle what can help type 2 diabetes? |
|
Definition
| medications help to make cells more responsive w/insulin |
|
|
Term
| Is type 2 diabetes nature or nurture? The best opportunity to see if its environment or genetics? |
|
Definition
| Pima Indians- originate from s. mexico. Had a 80-90% occurence of type 2 diabetes. Very physical lifestyle hard life. When they migrated to arizona they had food abundancey, lazy, But there is still pima indians in S. mexico who have traditional lifestyle who had low occurence of type 2 diabetes. Environment is permisive (lots of food, sedentary) allows genetic trait to be expressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hard to do. People aren't willing to do it. |
|
|
Term
| Why do some people with type 2 diabetes require insulin? |
|
Definition
After many years of working overtime the pancreas is not able to produce insulin in amounts needed to overcome insulin resistance.
May eventually require additional insulin to overcome resistance. |
|
|
Term
| Early stages can be -- in type 2 diabetes, and as it progresses? |
|
Definition
asymptomatic
-increased thirst
-frequent urination
-presence in urine
Progresses to more serious/noticeable symptoms:
-blurred vision
-skin irritations/poor wound healing
-numbness and tingle sensation in extremities |
|
|
Term
| How do you test for type 2 diabetes? |
|
Definition
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test:
12 hour fast
take sample of blood
look at fasted blood glucose levels (would be elevated)
Drink concentrated glucose solution, wait an hour
See if blood glucose is really high, stays and and comes down very slowly =this is type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat type 2 diabetes? |
|
Definition
weight loss/decrease in body fat:
-exercise
-medication
-diet |
|
|
Term
| How does exercise help with type diabetes? |
|
Definition
increases the sensitivity of body cells to insulin
improves cardiovascular fitness
promotes weight loss |
|
|
Term
| How do medication help with type diabetes? |
|
Definition
drugs improve insulin response
insulin injections (40% of cases) |
|
|
Term
| How does diet help with type diabetes? |
|
Definition
controlled CHO intake
CHO with low glycemic effect |
|
|
Term
Type 1 Diabetes:
usually occurs before age:
Accounts for --% of diabetes cases
Caused by:
--Disease: |
|
Definition
age 30- typical age of onset childhood and adolescence
5-10% cases diabetes
Caused by lack of insulin production
Autoimmune disease- although trigger is unknown, immune system produces antibodies which attack and destroy beta cells (insulin producing cells) of the pancreas. |
|
|
Term
| Response time frame of response to progressive loss of beta cells depends on: |
|
Definition
the strength of the immune system
increased response= faster destruction |
|
|
Term
| Type 1 diabetes is caused by: |
|
Definition
| lack of insulin production. Without insulin binding to insulin receptors glucose cannot enter the cell. Without insulin binding to insulin receptors glucose cannot enter the cell. |
|
|
Term
| How is credited with the discovery and use of insulin to treat diabetes? |
|
Definition
Fred Banting and Charles Best
removed pancreas from dogs- they developed diabetes
Injected the pancreas ground up back into the dog and kept the dog alive. |
|
|
Term
| signs/symptoms of type 1 diabetes? |
|
Definition
rapid weight loss
hunger
fatigue
thirst
freq urination
ketosis |
|
|
Term
| why is there weight loss with type 1 diabetes? |
|
Definition
| insulin makes you a better fat storer, without it, increases protein catabolism (breakdown) Wasting lean body mass contributes to rapid weight loss. Causes stored fats to be released which are used for a source of energy |
|
|
Term
| why is there ketosis with type 1 diabetes? |
|
Definition
| the lack of insulin causes stored fats to be released which are then used for energy in the absence of usable glucose results in ketones, when ketone production is greater than ketone utilization and ketone excretion, accumulates in blood and can cause diabtetic ketoacidosis (DKA) |
|
|
Term
| Controlling blood glucose levels: |
|
Definition
| bc the pancreas is unable to produce insulin individuals with type one must inject insulin daily or use an insulin pump |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
short acting, medium acting, and long acting
injected to best mimic natural insulin rhythms. Synthetic insulin is now used and has fewer side eddects than insulin derived from animals |
|
|
Term
| Many different types of insulin are neede to best: What type of insulin is now used? |
|
Definition
best mimic natural insulin rythyms
synthetic insulin is now used and has fewer side eddects than insulin derived from animals |
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Term
| how often must you monitor blood glucose levels? |
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Definition
Daily-
type1 5-6 times a day |
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Term
| What does daily monitoring blood glucose do? What do you use? |
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Definition
| daily monitoring of blood glucose levels with a glucometer indicate the glucose levels at the time of testing |
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Term
| What is done every 3-4 months? |
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Definition
Glycosylated Hemoglobin-
When blood glucose levels are high, glucose attaches to hemoglobin in the blood forming glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c)
High values indicate poor control of blood glucose levels over the previous 9-12 weeks. |
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Term
| What is control of blood glucose? |
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Definition
| A balancing act. People w/ type1 diabetes have to play the role of the pancreas- think about injecting insulin, exercise, eating. |
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Term
| What are the long term complications associated with hyperglycemia? |
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Definition
Chronically High Glucose levels cause Damage to nerves and blood vessels
-kidney problems
-blindness
-poor circulation
-heart disease
-nerve damage |
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Term
Effect of:
Insulin, diet, and exercise on blood glucose levels: |
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Definition
insulin decrease
diet increase
exercise decrease |
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Term
| Are complications related to diabetes or related to high blood glucose levels? |
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Definition
Tight control over blood glucose levels can prevent or delay complications
Lots of monitoring and responding with insulin does not raise your risk of other diseases (heart disease, blindness) than people without diabetes |
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Term
| What is gestational diabetes? |
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Definition
| pregnant women, never had diabetes before who develop high high blood glucose while pregnant. Caused by pregnancy related hormonaly changes that make maternal tissue insulin resistant (helps baby grow by making more glucose available to the baby) |
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Term
| How often does gestational diabetes occur? Which women are at increased risk? |
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Definition
4% of pregnancy
Same risk factors as type 2
Age, over 25
family history of type 2 diabetes
overweight at onset of pregnancy
ethnicity
Previous prgnancy baby weight greater than 9lbs. |
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Term
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Definition
Hard to delivery big babies (c-section) birth trama to baby
Puts mother at increased risk for type 2 diabetes
Baby has been exposed to high insulin, after being born it wont be getting enough glucose (hypoglycemia) and can increase risk for type 2 diabetes later and |
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Term
| When does gestational diabetes occur/ When should they get tested? |
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Definition
| later stage of pregnancy 24-28th week |
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Term
| What is the treatment for gestational diabetes? |
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Definition
goal- keep blood glucose within normal pregnancy values with diet, exercise, daily blood glucose monitoring, possible insulin injections.
GD goes away when pregnancy ends but has risks:
- increased risk for type 2
-risk of GD in next pregnancies |
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Term
Diabetes is an equal-
the leading cause of: |
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Definition
equal opportunity condition
leading cause of:
-blindness, heart disease, kidney failure, limb amputation |
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Term
| What's wit all the names with diabetes? |
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Definition
Typical age of onset: Juvenile vs Adult
Typical treatment: Noninsulin dependent vs insulin dependent
Underlying cause: type 1 vs type 2 |
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Term
Different types of diabetes, are each:
All characterized by: |
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Definition
with a different underlying cause
inability to regulate blood glucose levels resulting in hyperglycemia and other metabolic disturbances. |
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Term
What are the type 2 diabetes
types? |
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Definition
"insulin resistance'
noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Adult onset |
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Term
| What are the type 1 diabetes "no insulin production" types |
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Definition
"no insulin production"
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
juvenile onset |
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Term
| If its not type one or two diabetes what is it? |
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Definition
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