Term
| Hierarchy of Differential Reinforcement |
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Definition
1. Incompatible behaviors
2. competing behaviors
3. alternative/other behaviors
4. low response rates
5. noncontingent reinforcement |
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Term
| differential reinforcement |
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Definition
| indirectly changing a DTB by directly reinforcing an ATB |
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Term
| differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors |
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Definition
| behaviors that are impossible to perform simultaneously |
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Term
| DR of competing behaviors |
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Definition
| behavior that is very difficult to do at the same time as the DTB |
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Term
| DR of alternative behaviors |
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Definition
| decelerating a maladaptive target behavior with a specific adaptive behavior that is not necessarily competing, but better than the DTB |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcing any behavior that is better than the DTB |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcement for performing the DTB less often |
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Term
| noncontingent reinforcement |
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Definition
| reinforce the DTB with the reinforcer that is identified as a maintaining consequence on a fixed-interval schedule regardless of whether or not the client engages in the DTB |
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Term
| functional communication training |
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Definition
| reinforce an ATB that communicates the clients needs or desires. reinforces alternative/other behaviors. |
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Term
| 4 types of primary reinforcers |
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Definition
1. tangible
2. activities
3. social
4. natural |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcers that are primarily positive |
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Term
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Definition
| objects that have no innate/inherent reinforcing properties, but become reinforcers when they are associated with primary reinforcers |
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Term
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Definition
| more frequent activities (high probability behaviors), whether considered enjoyable or not, can be used as reinforcers for less frequent activities (low probability behavior) |
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Term
| positive behavioral support (PBS) |
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Definition
| a strategy in which we manipulate antecedents (prerequisites, setting events, prompts) to increase desired (acceleration) target behaviors and/or reduce problem (deceleration) behaviors |
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Term
| contingency management (CM) |
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Definition
| a systematic and consistent use of reinforcers or punishers to change behavior by establishing new contingencies: "If (desired behavior), then (reinforcer)" and/or "if (problem behavior), then (punisher)". |
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Term
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Definition
| you get the reinforcer only after the target behavior is performed |
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Term
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Definition
| the reinforcer occurs immediately after the target behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcers should be administered consistently (continuous, ratio, interval, DRH) |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcers must be kept powerful by 1) using reinforcers to which clients have not had access recently 2) dispensing reinforcers in small amounts, 3) using reinforcers that are less likely to lead to satiation, 4) switching reinforcers periodically |
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Term
| ratio schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| a certain NUMBER of responses is required for reinforcement |
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Term
| interval schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| responding after a certain TIME INTERVAL has elapsed |
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Term
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Definition
| positive punishment; includes (1) restitution in the client makes amends for the damage done, (2) positive practice in which the client repeatedly performs an appropriate alternative behavior in an exaggerated fashion |
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Term
| physically aversive consequence |
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Definition
| stimuli that result in unpleasant physical sensations, including pain. used infrequently in BT, often to stop self-injurious behaviors when no other approach has worked |
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Term
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Definition
| eliminate a reinforcer that is maintaining a behavior |
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Term
| time out from generalized/positive reinforcer |
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Definition
| temporarily withdraw a client's access to all (generalized) positive reinforcers in the environment immediately after DTB |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of a valued item or privilege that the client currently possesses or is entitled to |
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Term
| negative consequences of punishment |
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Definition
1. perpetuation effects
2. emotional responses
3. generalized response suppression
4. learned helplessness and depression
5. will only not perform DTB if the punisher is around |
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Term
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Definition
| continued use of an ineffective procedure due to negative reinforcement afforded to the change agent |
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Term
| conditioned negative emotions |
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Definition
| can condition negative emotions about who is doing the punishment or where the punishment is taking place |
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Term
| generalized response suppression |
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Definition
| a decrease in adaptive responding (ex: punishing speaking out of turn may lead to complete silence, no raising hands to speak at all) |
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