Term
| Why are we running out of SS? |
|
Definition
| SS was part of the new deal in the 1930s, when there were ~ 10 workers for every retiree. Nowadays, people are living longer, & this ratio is much smaller. |
|
|
Term
| Where in the US does the majority of the "over 65" population live? |
|
Definition
| In the mid-west and Florida |
|
|
Term
| In the year 2050, what is the projected population for non-hispanic whites in comparison to other races? |
|
Definition
| Non-hispanic whites are expected to decrease in population, while all of the other races are expected to increase. |
|
|
Term
Are most people over the age of 65 married, divorced, never been married, or widowed? Do most people over 65 live alone, with their spouse, with other relatives, or with non-relatives? |
|
Definition
Married With their spouse |
|
|
Term
Are most men over 65 married or widowed? Are most women over 65 married or widowed? Why? |
|
Definition
married widowed, b/c they live longer than men |
|
|
Term
T or F: Those who are educated tend to have better health |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is happening to the poverty rate for people over 65? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's happening to the poverty rate for people under 18? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do people over 65 get the majority of their income from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do people over 65 have less income from their assets nowadays? |
|
Definition
B/c they're borrowing back money on their houses. Consequently, many of them still owe on their houses. |
|
|
Term
| What best determines how long you live? |
|
Definition
| The absence of chronic diseases |
|
|
Term
Is the rate of heart disease in people over 65 going up, down, or staying the same? Is the rate of cancer in people over 65 going up, down, or staying the same? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chronic condition do most people over 65 have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who has a harder time hearing: men over 65 or women over 65? Who has a harder time seeing: men over 65 or women over 65? Who is more likely to have lost all of their natural teeth: men over 65 or women over 65? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who loses their memory faster: men over 65 or women over 65? Who is more depressed: men over 65 or women over 65? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who's most likely to be institutionalized: someone w/ ADLs or IADLs? |
|
Definition
| Someone with ADLs (dressing, getting out of bed). IADLs (managing money, doing light-housework) are more challenging. |
|
|
Term
| How many ADLs do people who are institutionalized tend to have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is the healthiest out of all the races? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the past 40 yrs, what has happened to the % of male smokers and female smokers? |
|
Definition
| The # of male smokers has dramatically decreased. The # of female smokers has slightly decreased. |
|
|
Term
| Where is most of the poor air quality in the US? |
|
Definition
| In california and the northeast |
|
|
Term
In which area of health care are people over 65 spending most of their money? In the past 10 yrs, which area of health care has increased the most (cost-wise) for people over 65? |
|
Definition
outpatient hospitals prescription drugs |
|
|
Term
How do most people over 65 pay for their prescriptions? Are there more or less prescriptions/ person being filled nowadays? |
|
Definition
out-of-pocket, but most people over 65 do have insurance (maybe they're in the donut hole) More prescriptions/person are being filled nowadays |
|
|
Term
How is dental work usually paid for? How is hospice paid for? What health-care service does medicare not pay for? How does this service get paid for? How are prescription drugs paid for? |
|
Definition
out-of-pocket Medicare pays 100% of hospice care. People in hospice care only have ~6 months to live and it only costs medicare $104 per enrollee. nursing home/long-term institutions; medicaid usually pays ~ half & the other ~ half is paid for out-of-pocket. Medicare pays ~ 1/2 & the other ~ 1/2 is paid for out-of-pocket. |
|
|
Term
T or F: OK has a higher % of uninsured people than the US average. T or F: We're ranked lower than the average on health indicators (we're healthier). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Throughout a lifetime, when is the most money spent on a person for healthcare? |
|
Definition
| Early in life and late in life - mostly late in life |
|
|
Term
| What is the #1 reason for people going into bankruptcy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What were the main health concerns in the pre-federal buildup era? |
|
Definition
Malnutrition Infectious diseases - The most common were dysentery, malaria & respiratory infections. They were being transmitted b/w europeans, africans, and native americans. |
|
|
Term
| What was the std remedy for syphillis until WWII(aka the pre-federal buildup era)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the 3 leading causes of death b/w 1800 & 1900? In 1992? In 2003? What's the difference b/w now and then? What is the biggest reason for this change? What disease dropped from the list b/w 1992 and 2003? |
|
Definition
#1 TB, #2 dysentery, #3 respiratory infections #1 ischemic heart disease, #2 cancer, #3 stroke #1 ischemic heart disease, #2 cancer, #3 stroke The leading causes of death used to be due to infectious disease. Now, death is due to chronic diseases. The biggest reason for the change is changes in public health measures (eg, clean water, sewer systems, & uncontaminated food. HIV |
|
|
Term
Is the US healthcare system geared toward acute diseases or chronic diseases? |
|
Definition
| Acute; we live unhealthy until we get a chronic disease. |
|
|
Term
| What is "heroic medicine"? |
|
Definition
| It's what orthodoxed physicians (in contrast to "medicine men" and "itinerant healers") practiced so the pt could see visible signs in secretions & excretions. |
|
|
Term
What were the 4 health theories in 19th century america? |
|
Definition
1) Contagion theory - healthy people should avoid sick people. 2) Disease was the result of supernatural causes 3) Health was individual responsibility, not the governments (you were responsible for your behavior) 4)Miasma theory - Disease was caused by the atmostphere. |
|
|
Term
| In which period of develpment did the pure food and drug act, the federal food, drug and cosmetic act, and the national institute of health come about? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What was the Hill-Burton Act? Which period of development does it fall under? |
|
Definition
It was a program that provided federal aid to build hospitals, nursing homes, emergency rooms, & long-term care facilties. Federal Build-up era |
|
|
Term
| In which period of development did we start trying to increase our health professionals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medicare and medicaid are amendments to the social security act. Medicare is title ? and medicaid is title ? |
|
Definition
medicare is title XVIII medicaid is title XIX |
|
|
Term
| In which period of development did health care expenditures begin to rapidly increase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What all happened during the federalization and cost containment era? |
|
Definition
The gov't tried to control costs. Hospital planning was voluntary. There were wage and price freezes. Utilization review programs were initiated (if you didn't need to stay in the hospital, you had to leave). HMOs were born. |
|
|
Term
In which period of development were DRGs started? What are DRGs? |
|
Definition
Emergence of competitive market and de-federalization. Hospital cases are classified into DRGs. DRGs are what medicare uses to determine how much they're going to pay the hospital. |
|
|
Term
What qualifies a pharmacy as a chain drug store? Give an example of a chain drug store? |
|
Definition
usually defined as a corporate ownership w/ 4 or more outlets Walgreens |
|
|
Term
T or F: Out of the 4 types of community pharmacy, mass merchandisers fill the majority of prescriptions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F: Oklahoma is doing a good job of getting children immunized. Explain. |
|
Definition
| True. Our greatest improvement can be attributed to the OK BY ONE campaign which makes it easy for parents to get their children immunized. |
|
|
Term
| What does PBM stand for? What was the summary of the ESI article? |
|
Definition
Pharmacy Benefits Manager ESI couldn't get their customers to buy generics. When they surveyed the customers to find out why, they found that the customers weren't comfortable talking to their doctors. So, ESI made some literature that people could just hand to their doctors. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the website, healthypeople.gov? |
|
Definition
| they create health goals every 10 years. |
|
|
Term
Explain the models of health care. |
|
Definition
The active-passive model is where the dr actively tells the pt what to do, & the pt passively does it. The guidance-cooperative model is where the pt may make a suggestion but will ultimately defer to the drs expertise. The patient-centered model is where the dr & pt are equally powerful. In this model, we're focusing more on treating the pt as a whole (biopsychosocial model) rather than as a body system or disease (biomedical model). |
|
|
Term
What is the purpose of the health behavior models? |
|
Definition
To help practitioners in aiding their pts to change their health behavior. |
|
|
Term
| Discuss the social cognitive theory |
|
Definition
| This theory believes that outcome expectations and efficacy expectations influence behavior. This theory also states that the key is the individual's perceptions of the expectations. A person's perceptions and belief are more important than the facts. |
|
|
Term
What is the purpose of the health belief model? According to the HBM, what 2 things contribute to a persons decision to get care? Give an example of how one might run through the HBM. |
|
Definition
To understand the success or failure of health behavior change. Susceptibility (perception of individual risk) & Severity (how serious is this disease if I don't get tx?). Ultimately, people want to know if the benefits outweigh the risks. To quit smoking: believes that he/she is suceptible to negative effects (ie, cancer) - contemplates the severity (death) - thinks about the benefits - worries about the barriers (self-efficacy) - wonders if he/she will get support from family members (modifying factors). |
|
|
Term
What is the theory of the TTM? What are the core constructs of the TTM? What are the 5 stages of TTM? |
|
Definition
The TTM theorized that behavior change was not just related to perceptions and factors. It said that individuals proceed through a set of stages before a behavior change occurs. 5 stages of change 10 processes of change decisional balance (pros & cons) self-efficacy temptation pre-contemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance |
|
|
Term
What would you do for someone in the PC or C stage? |
|
Definition
promote awareness (educate the pt) focus on the pros assist in motivation to change (help me help you) be more of a coach and less of an instructor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It's where a personal or social problem gets re-defined as a medical problem |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of intelligent non-compliance |
|
Definition
| a pts bp medicine is lowering their bp too much so they only take 1/2 as much. |
|
|
