1. Biblically animals have souls. It is at least the case that we have immaterial self- therefore monistic view does not adhere to scriptural truths. 2. eschatological evidence for the soul/spirit: there is evidence for life following death but prior to the resurrection of the body. (thus there must be something about humans that continues to exist after death).

-Luke 20:27-35: ³⁴ Jesus answered and said to them, “The sons of this age marry and are given in marriage. ³⁵ But those who are counted worthy to attain that age, and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry nor are given in marriage;

-Matthew 22:32:"God of Abraham" => God of living not of dead.

-Phil. 1:23, "it would be good to die b/c then paul would be in the presence of God, paul wants to leave his flesh."

-Luke 23:43: Jesus said to the sinner on the cross "today you will be with me in paradise"

the biblical view is that human persons have an immaterial as well as material aspect.

*humans can be described as a pneuma psychosomatic unity, meaning spirt soul-body unity*

1. We have both body and soul. We will survive death with a resurrection body. *as opposed to evol. anthropology's view that we are material*

2. Made to rule and have dominion and be caretakers of the earth, we are not the result of accidental processes. Humans are set apart by God, given “breath of life” by God. (we are different from other species) *as opposed to evol. anthropolgy's view that we are accidental*

3. We are made n the image of God, yet we understand that image is marred by the fall and sin. We are capable of being agents of good or of evil. *as opposed to evolutionary anthropology's neutral view of human nature*

4. Humans have some freedom and the possibility of growing into more freedom as a consequence of flourishing in our development. *as opposed to evolutionary anthropology's deterministic view*

 o Theistic Evolution: described as a process. God may have used these mechanisms.

·     According to Maxwell apparent “moral oughts” produce “shame and guilt,” and people “reify” or objectify these values. Meaning people make these social norms and cultural beliefs to seem more real than they are, we see them as entities with an independent existence outside of ourselves.  

·     Maxwell also spoke of “kin altruism,” which is the devotion to ones own offspring (i.e., family loyalty). This is a behavior that other species other than humans exhibit, which encourages the survival of a species. 

·     Maxwell holds that reciprocal altruism, which is “you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours,” arose from a hunting economy, bartering of food, division of labor; and just the emotions of guilt and righteous indignation were enough to establish it (reciprocal altruism).

·     with the development of language and verbal reasoning, however, individuals were able to create ethical rules.

·     Overall kin altruism and reciprocal altruism show that “human morality is a reflection of social relations. We must do certain things in order for society to function and for our species to survive”

·     from Evol. Psych perspective, certain ethical values increase the likelihood of genetic fitness and reproductive success

·     biological moralization of attachment: describes the infants innate desire and inclination to bond with mother. This is the foundation for maorality in the child. Through the child’s desire to develop attachment with the mother, he/she develops a sense that certain behaviors are more pleasing to her than others- thus the child feels he/she ought to behave in a certain way.

·     are other values similarly biologically moralized? Perhaps 1) human aggression. The aggressive behaviors that Maxwell mentions are moralistic aggression, territorial aggression, genocidal aggression (aggression towards non-kin).