Two forms of flowers:

-Showy open bowl

-Showy, complicated non radially symmetrical

(Yellow or Blue)

Rewards: Nectar and pollen

Large and Showy--pink

Nectar contains AA's

Landing Area

Scented 

Nectar usually hidden

Hawkmoths--important

Usually white

Night-opening

Large, Showy

Tubular Corollas

Sweet Scent

Lots of nectar--fuel for flight

Myophiles:

Beeflies and flies feed on nectar

Fruit flies attracted by wild perfumes

Sapromyophiles:

Attracted by dung

Orange/ Decaying color--Attractant

Humminbirds, Sunbirds, Honeyeaters

Red Tubular, Scentless, Dilute Nectar

Large, Showy, Scented and Open at Night

Bats--Sight, Smell, and Echolocation

Plants that Exploit Bats--> hanging twigs

Explode anthers to spray pollen on bats

Nectar reduced once visited

Bats use echolocation to determine if exploded or virgin

• See coevoltion of flower traits and pollinators
• One flower can be visited by many pollinators in one day
• Most common visitor may not be best pollinator

Order multivatriable objects so that similar objects are closer together and dissimilar objects are further apart, usually displayed graphically for exploratory data analysis

• Few plant species have floral traits that occupy the trait space for pollinator syndromes
• Floral traits result of adaptive evoltion-->selection from pollinators

• Populations constantly interacting (+/+)
• Differences in behavior, physiology, and morphology-->heritable mutualistic relationships
• Population structure permits evolution of mutualisms
• Ecological coincidence is NOT coevoltion
• Enivironmental variation prevents coevol. when genetic influence is weak

Diffuse Coevolution

(Multispecies Coevolution)

• Guilds
• Plants can adapt to animal guilds and vice-versa

Divergence: Phenotypes become more different

Convergence: Phenotypes become more similar

Much longer for plants (Mean species duration)

• Mammals: 0.5 to 4 million years
• Angiosperm shrubs: 27 million years
• Birds: 0.5 million years 

Fruits and Flowers

(Remain stable over time)

Mutualisms in P/A Interactions:

(list)

• Plant-Pollinator
• Plant-Frugivore
• Third Party Defense: Plant-Ant
• Pitcher plant, Vertebrate Feces
• Corals and zooanthellae algae

Pitcher plant traps bats to receive Nitrogen

Pitcher plant that are:

T/F: Animal mobility increases the likelihood of coevolution.

Coevolutionary change occurs on isloated species poor habitats

Dodo and Tambalocoque Tree--> Dodo went extinct and sprouting of tree stopped

Dodo was sole dispersal agent

Simultaneous and Reciprocal adjustments of flower and fruit guilds with the guilds of animals that use them.

EX: Guilds of herbivorus mammals--> grazing dentition with rise of silicon in plants (5 to 20mya, fossil evidence insufficient)

• Greater change in mammals and birds than forage plants
• Plants remain same--animal guilds succeed one another
• Explains current associations not origins of traits

2 species appear more alike-->distastefullness to predator

Warning Coloration: Aposematic (advertised distastefullness)--> bright red, yellow

Harmless species mimics a harmful species

Harmless snake mimics a poisonous snake

• Gravity
• Wind
• Water
• Seed Predator
• Seed dispersal agent
• Ballistic/ Explosive

Deterent to predator

Prevent Dehydration

• Clumped Distribution
• Sibling Competition(above and below ground)
• disease spread
• increased likelihood of inbreeding
• parental shading and competition

Difficult to predict

Depends on currents

• Cache Hoarding vs. Scatter Hoarders
• Difficult to predict (seed shadow, clumped dist., random distribution)
• Ingested -->endozoochory
• Passively Carried-->epizoochory

• Removing seed from seed shadow-->removes negative consequences
• Far distance-->conditions not viable for growth
• Move seed into inhospitable habitiat (hole in tree)
• New environment may be better

Convergent Evolution:

(Dispersal Syndromes)

Fruits and seeds dispersed by different taxonomic groups of animals have traits in common despite lack of relatedness

Bat-->Fruit hangs, odor

Bird-->fruit bright colored no odor

Self Dispersal:

Flinging or Ballistic

Dispersal by other:

Anemochory-->wind dispersal

Hydrochory-->water dispersal

Dispersal by Animal

Endozoochory--fruit changes color

Epizoochory--burred or hooked seeds/fruits

Myrmechochorous (Ant)--elaisomes (nutriments or lures)

• Definite target exists for pollen, but not for seeds
• Reward can be given at target site for pollen but not for seeds

Ant-Plant Interaction vs. Ant-Plants

Ant-plant interaction is any interaction between plants and ants.  

An ant-plant is a plant specialized for mutualism with ants.