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Overview of Development
N/A
17
Medical
Professional
09/05/2010

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Term
Human Development
Definition
Change
Constancy
throughout the lifespan
Term
Basic Issues in Development
Definition
1. Continuous or discontinuous?
2. One course of development or many?
3. Nature or nurture?
Term
Periods of Development
Definition
Prenatal-Conception to birth
Infancy and Toddlerhood-Birth to 2 years
Early Childhood-2 to 6 years
Middle Childhood-6 to 11 years
Adolescence-11 to 18 years
Early Adulthood-18 to 40 years
Middle Adulthood-40 to 65 years
Late Adulthood-65 years to death
Term
Resilience
Definition
Ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development
Term
Philosophies of Childhood
Definition
1) Medieval: Contradictory beliefs about children's basic nature.
2) Puritan: Children as inherently evil and stubborn
-punitive approach to child-rearing
3) Locke: Tabula rasa
-children as blank slates shaped by experience
4) Rousseau: Noble savages
children as naturally healthy and moral
Term
Freud's Three Parts of the Personality
Definition
1)ID-Largest portion of the mind, present at birth, unconscious, source of biological needs & desire.
2)EGO-Conscious, rational part of mind, emerges in early childhood and redirects ID accordingly
3)SUPEREGO-The conscience, develops from ages 3 to 6 from interactions with caregivers.
Term
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
Definition
1) Oral
2) Anal
3) Phallic
4) Latency
5) Genital
Term
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
Definition
1) Basic trust v. mistrust -- Birth to 1 years
2) Autonomy v. shame and doubt -- 1-3 years
3) Initiative v. guilt - 3-6 years
4) Industry v. inferiority - 6-11 years
5) Identity v. role confusion - adolescence
6) Intimacy v. isolation - early adulthood
7) Generativity v. stagnation -middle adulthood
8) Ego integrity v. despair -late adulthood
Term
Behaviorism & Social Learning
Definition
1)Classical Conditioning-Stimulus-Response
2)Operant Conditioning-Reinforces and Punishments
3)Social Learning-Modeling
Term
Piaget's Stages
Definition
More Cognitive
1)Sensorimotor (do figures work)
2)Preoperational (just beginning to do things, like lining up blocks)
3)Concrete Operational (standard functional level)
4)Formal Operational (1/3 to 1/2 people get to this stage--being able to assess the different dimensions of a problem--abstract problem solving)
Term
Ethology
Definition
Study of adaptive value of behavior and its evolutionary history
-Critical Period
Biologically prepared to acquire adaptive behaviors during limited time span and needs support of an appropriately stimulating environment E.g.: cat with hood during critical period, becomes blind
-Sensitive Period
Optimal for certain capacities to emerge. E.g.: learning a language, it's easier to learn earlier on.
Term
Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
Definition
1)Seeks to understand adaptive value of human competencies (niches).
2)Studies cognitive, emotional and social competencies and change with age
3)Expands upon ethology.
Term
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
Definition
1) Transmission of culture to a new generation. (Values, beliefs, customs, skills)
2) Social interaction necessary
-Cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society.
Term
Developmental Research Designs
Definition
1) Longitudinal-Same group studied at different times
2) Cross-Sectional--Differing groups studied at the same time
3) Sequential--Several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies at varying times.
Term
Incomplete Dominance &
Polygenic Inheritance
Definition
1)Incomplete Dominance
-Both alleles of a single gene are expressed.
Results in
-combined trait or -intermediate between the two
2)Polygenic Inheritance
-Many genes combine to influence a trait
Term
Genetic Imprinting and Mutation
Definition
1)Imprinting
Chemical marker that activates either father's or mother's gene, often temporary.
2)Mutation
-Sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment.
Term
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Definition
1)Down Syndrome
-Problems with the 21st chromosome.
They have good adaptive skills.
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