Term
| What are common phonological processes in children to simplify pronunciation? |
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Definition
1) Syllable Simplification(all material before first/primary stressed syllable is deleted)
2) Spreading/assimilation occurs from coda to onset
3) Nasals are deleted before stops |
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Term
| What are other common phonological processes in children? |
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Definition
1) Word arithmetic - they use familiar words to subtract from sentences and hear new words
2) Constraints on wordhood - Each word can only have one stress
3) Mutual Exclusivity Constraint - a child will not assign a new word to an object he already knows the name of
4) Whole Object Constraint - Jeff will not assign a new word to "wing" because "wing" is not a whole object, only part of a larger object |
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Term
| Age-Based Phonological Processes for 0-8 months old |
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Definition
- Perceives a difference between aspirated p and p
- Has fully learned the vowels of Americna enligsh
- Has learned categorical perception
- Percieves a difference between r an dl
- Is able to match vowels with faces of ppl articulating those vowels |
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Term
| Age- based Phonological Processes for 8 months-1.5 years |
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Definition
| Same as 8 month old, except, does not perceive a difference between aspirated p and p |
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Term
| What tests can you perform to see if something is a constituent? |
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Definition
1) Proform substitution (where you substitute a pronoun)
2) Movement
3) Coordination
4) Standalone |
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Term
| Terms to know for grammar |
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Definition
1) Hierarchical structure
2) Linear order
3) Reward and Punsishment when children here ambigious/unambiguous evidence. Reward grammar by increasing probability.
4) Parameter values - govern grammars |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to an idea or a general concept, not a specific word of some language |
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Term
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Definition
| referes to a word or a morpheme (minimal unit of meaning) |
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Term
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Definition
1) Sound changes in Proto-Germanic
2) Voiceless stops [p, t, k] -> fricatives [f, theta, x]
3) voiced stops became voiceless stops [b, d, g] -> [p, t, k]
4) aspirated voiced stops (bh, dh, gh) became normal voiced stops.
tooth (english) -> dent (PIE, borrowed from latin)
foot (english) -> pod (PIE) |
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Term
| Who leads sound change in languages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are conversational maxims?/Gricean Principles |
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Definition
Cooperative Principle
Quality
Quantity
Relevance
Manner - be clear |
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Term
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Definition
o Question (elicit information)
o Order/request (affect behavior)
o Assertion (convey information)
o Performative verbs (verbst hat desribe an action that is taking place by virtue of speaking, like "i ask you," or "i order" or "i assrt" (good test is to insert the word 'hereby')
~ Indirect speech acts |
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Term
What are Horn Scales?
Scalar implicature |
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Definition
Based on the maxim of quantity - they are, specifically, the use of much and some
"The man didn't have much hair" - he wasn't bald |
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Term
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Definition
1) minimal attachment - build the simplest syntactic structure possible
2) late closure - attaching the incoming word to the structure currently being interpreted
3) Lexical ambiguity - being unsure of what a specific word means
4) Garden path |
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Term
| Ergative-Absolutive Pattern |
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Definition
| Cannot interchange "she" and "her" - ergative is the subject of a transitive verb |
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Term
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Definition
| Using a picture to depict the same sound (ex: picture of a reed for both "reed" and "reimburse" |
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Term
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Definition
(A-A) No Grandparent left behind - e: in general, nothing can move out of a smaller
phrase which is part of a larger phrase of the same type
(C) - if a pronoun is the aunt, great-aunt, great-greataunt ... of a proper name, then they cannot co-refer. |
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Term
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Definition
The knowledge of word order is near perfect
The knowledge of syntactic categories is near perfect |
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Term
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Definition
VP->V NP
• AuxP-> Aux VP
• PP -> P NP
• NP -> D NP (D=determiner) |
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Term
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Definition
| French -raises the verb, meaning, raises it to the beginning of verb phrase? LIke before adverbs? |
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Term
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Definition
Princip - Universal and Innate, no variation
Param - variation within established possibilities |
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Term
| Possible syntactic variation |
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Definition
Basic word order
fixed v. "free" order (english is fixed)
movement rules
head-initial or head-final |
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Term
| How to deal with free word order! |
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Definition
ergative - a case-marking that says that something is a transitive subject
absolutive - a case marking that says a noun is an transitive subject or an intransitive subject
cf nominative - a case marking that says it is the subject
accusative - a case marking that says it is the object |
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Term
| Morphological Classes in Language |
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Definition
Analytic - most morphemes are free
Synthetic
(Agglutinative - morphemes are bound
Fusional - morphemes express many meanings and cannot be further divided
Polsynthetic- show productive noun incorporation) |
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Term
| How do we know that speech came first? |
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Definition
| only present in some societies, evolution has not favored writing, speech is learned before writing, writing can only be learned by intentional instruction |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to consonant + vowel |
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Term
How do we classify languages?
Can use the comparative method |
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Definition
- the Uniformitarian Principle: Knowledge of processes that operated in the past can be inferred by observing ongoing processes in the present - language must work now as it ever did
- the regularity of sound-change - sound change is overwhelmingly regular, almost exceptionless...any sound change will effect the words that contain that combo of sounds |
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Term
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Definition
Nominative = subject marker
Accusative = object marker
Dative = indirect object marker
Genitive = possessive marker |
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