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OSU-Lima Hist151 Exam1 Incomp
Taken from the class notes made by a student of Dr. B. Himebaugh at Ohio State Lima Campus. Has not been measured against actual exam. Currently incomplete. Good Luck!
75
History
Undergraduate 1
01/24/2009
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Term
Who are Paleo-Indians
 Definition
Ancestors of the native Americans who entered the continent via the Beringia Land Bridge sometime between 40,000-70,000 years ago. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-indians
Term
Though very diverse, name some of the *similarities* that all pre-Columbus native Americans shared.
 Definition
Patriarchal (male-dominated) societies;
Polytheistic (belief in many gods) though not necessarily belief in the same gods.
Term
Name some of the *diverse* qualities of pre-Columbian native Americans.
 Definition
Warrior/Pacifist;
Agricultural/Hunter-Gatherers;
Nomadic (traveling)/City-dwellers;
Autocratic/Democratic;
Practice of human sacrifice;
Practice of enslavement;
Over 2000 different languages
Term
Of the Europeans, who first discovered the Americas? When? and what immediate impacts did this have on Europe?
 Definition
Norse vikings from Iceland and Norway around 1000AD. They stayed only for a few years and returned. There were no lasting impacts on Europe at this time as there was little fanfare of the event.
Read about it here on Wikipedia!
Term
Christopher Columbus was from what part of Italy
 Definition
Genoa
Term
Who financed Columbus' famed trip across the Atlantic?
 Definition
Spain under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
Term
After sailing 70 days, where is it believed Columbus first landed?
 Definition
San Salvador Island
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0e/Bf-map_with_San_Salvador.png
Term
What did Columbus call the natives and why?
 Definition
Indios. He thought he had reached Asia.
Term
Due to it's size, which island convinced Columbus he had reached mainland Asia?
 Definition
Cuba
Term
At which island did Columbus and his crew end up killing and enslaving natives? Having enslaved 500, some might argue he started what would later become known as ___.
 Definition
Hispaniola;
the Atlantic slave trade
Term
Hispaniola island today is home to what two countries?
 Definition
Haiti and the Dominican Republic
Term
(True/False) Columbus died satisfied in knowing he had discovered a "New World".
 Definition
False. He died believing he had found Asia despite the debate arguing otherwise.
Term
Where did the name America come from?
 Definition
It was named after explorer Amerigo Vespucci who argued that it was indeed a "New World" and not Asia as Columbus believed.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespucci
Term
___ was in Panama from 1510-1513. He was the first European to see the eastern coast of the Pacific.
 Definition
Balboa (Vasco Núñez de Balboa). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa
Term
___ was exploring Florida in 1513, presumably for the Fountain of Youth.
 Definition
Leon (Juan Ponce de León).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n
Term
___ was a spanish conquistador in 1519-1521 in the Aztec region.
 Definition
Cortés (Hernán Cortés).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s
Term
Hernán Cortés defeated the powerful Aztec tribe over a three year span having what 4 main advantages?
 Definition
European weapons technology (Guns and swords); Divide and conquer strategy; Aztecs belief that the conquistadors  were gods; Diseases of which the spanish had grown immune, but the Aztecs were not.
Term
___ conquered the Incan empire during his time in Peru from 1530-1533.
 Definition
Pizarro (Francisco Pizarro).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizarro
Term
From 1539-1542, ___ explored southeast North America as far inland as Oklahoma
 Definition
de Soto (Hernando de Soto).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(explorer)
Term
In 1540-1542, ___ explored southwest North America notably finding the Grand Canyon. (He was also searching for what legendary City of Gold?)
 Definition
Coronado (Francisco Vázquez de Coronado);
He searched for Cibola.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado
Term
Historians estimate the pre-columbian native American population to be between 20-60 million. 160 years later in 1650, their numbers are estimated to be about ___.
 Definition
3 million
Term
Though the most notorious disease acquired from the Europeans by the natives was Small Pox, Europeans contracted ___.
 Definition
Syphilis
Term
The Europeans introduced many new kinds of livestock to the New World. Of these, which did the native Americans famously integrate into their lifestyles?
 Definition
Horses
Term
___ was a priest who had been involved in some of the spanish expeditions. He would later come to regret his participation and write what he witnessed. His view would become known as ___.
 Definition
Bartolomé de las Casas;
the Black Legend.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Casas
Term
Though evidence may still remain from historical events, conclusions drawn by historians are often based on ___.
 Definition
interpretation.
Term
In studying the past, changes are evident. Historians seek to answer the question ___
 Definition
"What caused the changes?" or "Why 'change'?"
Term
In the *1500s*, which countries were the dominant explorers?
 Definition
Spain & Portugal
Term
In the *1600s*, which countries were the dominant explorers?
 Definition
England, France, & Holland
Term
What movement was drawing attention away from New World exploration in the 1500s from countries that might have otherwise been heavily involved?
 Definition
The Protestant Reformation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation
Term
Name some of the practices of the Catholic clergy that Martin Luther and John Calvin opposed.
 Definition
Abstaining from marriage; Being uncommonly wealthy; consenting to the authority of the pope and other hierarchy.
Term
The decline of Spain's power began in the 1580s under what king?
 Definition
Philip II
Term
Because British privateers had been intentionally preventing Spanish ships from returning to Spain with New World treasures, Spain launches what naval fleet against England in 1588?
 Definition
The Spanish Armada. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada
Term
Because England was no longer officially under the Catholic church, Spain justified its naval attack on England as part of its ___ against them.
 Definition
"Holy Crusade"
Term
What two factors were the leading cause of Spain's naval defeat against England?
 Definition
The storms they faced on the way to England; The smaller, but faster English ships capable of hit-and-run strategy.
Term
(True/False) In spite of Spain's decline of power entering the 17th century, they stil managed to retain their New World colonies.
 Definition
True.
Term
King Charles I of England tried to ___, resulting in the English Civil War (1640-1660) and his demise.
 Definition
raise taxes without the consultation of parliament.
Read about it here on Wikipedia!
Term
Who lead the Parliament army during the English Civil War? After abolishing the English monarchy, what style of government did he essentially enstate?
 Definition
Oliver Cromwell; a military dictatorship.
Term
"The Restoration" (as it came to be known) of England's monarchy came as a result of tension over ___.
 Definition
Oliver Cromwell's son resuming the leadership after his father's death.
Term
The restoration of the English monarchy puts ___ on the throne with what stipulation?
 Definition
Charles II; Parliament and the Throne of England share equal power.
Term
In the 1580s, the first two english colonies resulted in failure. Where were these colonies made?
 Definition
Newfoundland in eastern Canada & Roanoke Island off the Virginia coast.
Term
Who lead the *first* english colonization attempt? Why did it fail?
 Definition
Humphry Gilbert; he sank on the ship thus losing their leader and his financial backing.
Term
Who lead the *second* english colonization attempt? Why did it fail?
 Definition
Humphry Gilbert's half-brother Walter Raleigh; Lacking supplies, they send someone back to england to restock, but war with Spain prevents the return back for two years.
Term
Which colony has become known as "The Lost Colony" and why?
 Definition
Roanoke Island; upon the return of english ships, the peoples of the colony were gone.
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6694332645252405147&hl=en
Term
What message was found at "The Lost Colony"? What possible reasons may it have been left?
 Definition
"Croatoan" which was the name of a nearby island where friendly natives habitated. The modern study of tree rings on the island suggest that a drought may have caused the colonists to move in to Croatoan. Other theories suggest a hurricane.
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6694332645252405147&hl=en
Term
___ companies would cluster investor monies together to fund colonization in hopes of profits.
 Definition
Joint-stock
Term
The ___ Company would help fund the first successful english colony.
 Definition
Virginia
Term
In 1607, the first successful english colony was ___.
 Definition
Jamestown
Term
List some of the difficulties in trying to establish Jamestown.
 Definition
104 aristicratic men & boys came over for adventure. they were unaccustomed to life in untamed conditions. Within a year, 66 died from battles with the natives and malaria and other diseases. Food supply was insuficient. Jamestown was established in a swamp.
Term
As Jamestown was desperately trying to survive, Captain John Smith took control. What steps did he take that helped make Jamestown become an eventual success?
 Definition
Wrote to the Virginia Company demanding they send laborers. He also sought the help of the local native tribe to learn how they survive.
Term
What local native tribe helped Jamestown succeed and how?
 Definition
The Powhatan Confederacy showed them where to hunt, what plants were edible, how to travel with snowshoes, showed them the cooler hills to stay when the mosquitoes are thriving during the summer in the hotter valleys.
Term
John Smith wrote a book later in life describing how to survive in the New World. What were some of the suggestions he made?
 Definition
Send not only men, but women as well. He suggested settling further north to avoid the sweltering heat. He suggested using methods in use by the local natives.
Term
In 1617, the Virginia Co. established the ___ which promised a 50 acre land grant to those paying their own way to the colonies; similar promises were made to those financing someone else's voyage.
 Definition
Headright system
Term
In 1619, the Viginia Co. introduced a reform authorizing the landowning men of the major Viginia settlements to elect representatives to an assmebly called the ___.
 Definition
House of Burgess
Term
What did the Powhatan chief Opechancanough do in 1622 out of fear the native way of life would be eliminated?
 Definition
He assmebled a raid on Jamestown killing 350 colonists which amounted to 25% of them. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_massacre_of_1622
Term
(True/False) The capture and eventual killing of Powhatan chief Opechancanough only made attacks on Jamestown more fierce and frequent.
 Definition
False. The fighting pretty much ceased upon his capture.
Term
As the Virginia Company was closing its doors, the Virginia colony became England's first ___ in 1624.
 Definition
Royal Colony
Term
The leading crop in Virginia was ___.
 Definition
tobacco
Term
The English controlled trade through ___ which was started by Charles II in 1672.
 Definition
The Royal African Company
Term
(True/False) The Royal African Company held a monopoly on English slave trading into the 1700s
 Definition
True
Term
The Royal African Company was a succesful joint-stock company which on average paid ___% in annual dividends.
 Definition
10
Term
By 1712, who else besides the Royal African Company was involved in british slave trade?
 Definition
Independent English and American traders
Term
(True/False) By the early 18th century, the majority of African slaves were being brought to the Americas by the Royal African Company
 Definition
False. The majority were brought in by independent traders.
Term
75% of African slaves came from ___ & ___, while most of the rest came from ___
 Definition
75% came from Senegal and Niger;
23% came from Angola.
Term
The Navigation Acts established what three main principles?
 Definition
1. Only English or colonial merchants and ships could legally trade in the colonies.
2. Certain valuable American products could only be sold in the mother country or to other English colonies.
3. All goods being sold to the colonies had to be shipped through Enlgand, paying import duties.
A 4th was added: THe colonies could not export goods to forein countries that competed with british products.
Term
(True/False) The NAvigation Acts were strictly enforced and regained total control of colonial trade.
 Definition
False. Illegal imports and smugglers were often conveniently unnoticed in the colonies.
Term
In defense of the Navigation Acts, in 1696 England established several ___.
 Definition
American vice-admiralty courts.
Term
(True/False)Even in the late 1600s, England still reigned supreme even in local colonial affairs
 Definition
False. Colonies were pretty much self-governing as separate entities each of themselves.
Term
The Dominion of New England was established in revocation of what colonies and for what purpose?
 Definition
The colonies from New Jersey to Maine were revoked as their self-regulation in regards to smugglers, their stance on freedom of religion, and their maintaining laws incompatible with English practice.
Term
___ was appointed governor of The Dominion of New England
 Definition
Sir Edmund Andros
Term
The Glorious Revolutionaffirmed the supremecy of both Parliament and Protestantism. How so?
 Definition
After James II raised taxes without Parliamentry approval and declared himself Catholic, the Parliament dethroned him, replacing him with his protestant daughter and her husband
Term
Colonist saw their role in the Glorious Revolution as a revolt against ___.
 Definition
Stuart absolutism.
Term
Metacomet initiated ___ in trying to protect his tribe's way of life.
 Definition
King Philip's War
Term
Natives who opposed english colonialism often targeted the cattle. What was their primary purpose in doing this?
 Definition
Cattle represented to them the European invasion. It was plain that these people were content to stay.
Term
How did the 1692 Witchcraft Crisis begin?
 Definition
Several children and young women made formal accusations of witchcraft toward some of their elder female neighbors as having tortured them in spirit form.
Term
The events of the Stono Rebellion made American colonists anxious similar events could transpire again and elsewhere. What prompted this?
 Definition
African slaves had seized guns and amunition and killed a number of people then headed south toward Florida. Their escape was not successful and they were later captured and killed.
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