• origin
• humeral head- med. epicondyle
• ulnar head- prox ulna
• insertion- lat. radius middle 1/3
• innervation- median N.
• action- pronate and flex forearm

• origin- med. epicondyle
• insertion- base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal
• innervation- median N.
• action- flex wrist, radial deviation

immediately lateral to it is radial artery

• origin- medial epicondyle
• insertion- flexor retinaculum/palmar aponeurosis
• innervation- median N.
• action- flex wrist

used in tendon transfers

• origin
• medial epicondyle
• post. ulna
• insertion- pisiform, hook of hamate, 5th MC
• innervation- ulnar N.
• action- flex wrist (most powerful wrist flexor), ulnar deviation

• origin
• med. epicondyle and prox ulna
• anteroproximal radius
• insertion- middle phanges of digits
• innervation- median N.
• action- flex at PIP joints

• origin- ant. ulna and interosseous membrane
• insertion- distal phanx
• innervation
• medial- median N./AIN
• lat.- ulnar N.
• action- flex DIPJ

• origin- ant radius and prox ulna
• insertion- distal phalanx of thumb
• innervatoin- median N./AIN
• action- flex thumb at IP

• origin- medial distal ulna
• insertoin, ant. distal radius
• innervation- median N/AIN
• action- primary pronator of forearm

• origin- post.-lat epicondyle
• insertion- post-prox ulna
• innervatoin- radial N.
• action- extend forearm

muscular plane in Koscher approach

• origin- lat. epicondyle
• insertion- MCP's
• P2- central slip
• P3- terminal insertion
• innervation- radial/PIN\
• action- digit extension

• origin- lat. epicondyle
• insertion- MCP of 5th digit
• innervation- radial/PIN
• action- small finger extension

• origin- lat. epicondyle
• insertion- base of 5th MC
• innervation- radial/PIN
• action- hand extension and adduction (ulnar deviation)

• origin- lateral condyle
• insertion- lateral distal radius
• innervation- radial N.
• action- forearm flexion

• origin- lateral condyle
• insertion- base of 2nd MC
• innervation- radial N.
• action- wrist extension

• origin- lateral epicondyle
• insertion- base of 3rd MC
• innervation- radial N/PIN
• action- wrist extension

degeneration in tennis elbow

• origin- post. medial ulna
• insertion- prox lat. radius
• innervation- radial/PIN
• action- forearm supination

• origin- post radius/ulna
• insertion- base of 1st thumb metacarpal
• innervation- radial/PIN
• action- abduct and extend thumb

• origin- post. radius
• insertion- base of thumb prox phalanx
• innervation- radial/PIN
• action- extend thumb

radial border of anatomic snuffbox

• origin- post. ulna
• inertion- base of thumb, distal phalanx
• innervation- radial/PIN
• action- extend thumb at IPJ

• origin- post ulna
• insertion- MCP
• innervation- radial/PIN
• action- index finger extension

• Low energy, dorsally displaced, extra-articular fx
• "dinner fork" deformity
• mechanism- fall onto hyperextended, radially deviated wrist with the forearm in pronation

• Low energy, volar displaced, extra-articular fx
• mechanism- fall onto flexed wrist with forearm in supination
• tx- ORIF

• Radial styloid fx
• mechanism- compression of scaphoid against styloid with wrist in DF and ulnar deviation
• associated injuries- intercarpal ligamentous injuries
• tx- ORIF

• Fx dislocation of radiocarpal joint with intra-articular fx involving the volar or dorsal lip (volar Barton or dorsal Barton fx)
• mechanism- fall onto DF wrist with forearm in fixed pronation
• tx- ORIF w/plate

• median N. dysfunction
• malunion/nonunion (usually because of inadequate reduction or stabilization)
• RDS/CRPS (with external fixation)
• posttraumatic OA
• stiffness
• extensor pollicis longus tendon rupture

• anterior
• superficial- pronator teres, FCR, PL, FCU\
• middle- FDS
• deep- FDP, pronator quadratus, FPL
• posterior
• superficial- anconeus, EDC, EDM, ECU
• deep- supinator, APL, EPB, EPL, extensor indicies
• mobile wad
• brachioradialis
• ECRL
• ECRB

• palmar incision- releases entire anterior compartment
• dorsal incision- releases entire posterior compartment and mobile wad

• radial inclination (nml 22 degrees)
• radial height (level with ulna)
• volar tilt (5 degrees/neutral)

• 1- EPL, ABB
• 2- ECRB, ECRL
• 3- EPL (can be ruptured with DRFx or ORIF of DR)
• 4- EIP, EDC, PIN
• 5- EDM
• 6- ECU

• starts with capetate at age 1
• goes counterclockwise according to PA radiograph R hand
  • trapezoid 
  • trapezium
  • scaphoid
  • lunate
  • triquietrium
  • pisiform
  • hamate