Term
| General characteristics of birds |
|
Definition
1. Feathers and leg scales
2. tetrapods with forlimbs modified for flying
3. fully ossified skeleton (no cartalidge)
4. toothless beak or bill
5. 4 chambered hear, with lungs and airsacks
6. syrinx (voicebox)
7. Oviparous with a hard calcareous shell surrounding eggs |
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Term
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Definition
strong light bones (fusion of bones)
feathered wings for lift and propulsion
efficient respriratory system to meet high energy needs ( always have fresh air in lungs)
Well developed nervous system |
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Term
| Who is the closest living relative to birds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Birds are presant day ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
Archaeopteryx lithographica
(old wing inscribed in stone) |
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Definition
| missing link between birds and reptiles, also helped prove darwins theory of natural selection |
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Term
| The earliest known bird is ___________ |
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Definition
| Archaeopteryx lithographica which lived 145 MYA |
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Term
| ________________ feather vanes are found only in flying birds |
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Definition
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Term
| birds evolved from _____________ |
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Definition
| theropods, which evolved from thecodonts |
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Term
Arboreal theory
"tree down hypothesis" |
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Definition
| Hypothesis that says that flight evolved from thecodonts that were aboreal and had elongated scales for gliding |
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Term
| Cursorial/ running theory |
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Definition
| theropods were cursorial and had proto feathers. Evolved from running/ jumping/ leaping after insect prey intuative that flight could evolve from the ground up |
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Term
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Definition
shared several characteristics with modern birds
had symetrical feathers
Furcula
lunate wrist bones |
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Term
| There was cear evidence that feathers existed before flight but what were they used for?? |
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Definition
1. Thermoregulation
Dino fuzz
high body temps
2. Gliding?
3. Display |
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Term
|
Definition
organelles that contain the pigment melanin which creates bost black brown and fufous clors
Used this to find structur of melanosomes in good fossils to determin the color of dinosaurs |
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Term
|
Definition
Opposite birds
First major ratiation of birds
None survived K-T extinction event. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ancient Predator prey relationships |
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Definition
A dromaeosaur (maniraptor) had an enantrionithe bird in its stomach.
Suggesting that Micrcroraptor was an aboreal predator |
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Term
| World during Avian evolution |
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Definition
occured during cretaceous period 90 MYA
shallow seas and different continental positions |
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Term
Late cretaceous period
"large radiation of birds" |
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Definition
| lots of marine life which = lots of food. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loon like dino that dove and had a long bill for spearing fish |
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Term
|
Definition
turn like bird
hunted shorelines and had a bill with teeth |
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Term
|
Definition
Large flightless birds
Now called ratites
lack a keeled sturnum
Ostiches, kiwis, emus |
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Term
|
Definition
birds with keeled sternum
the flying birds and all others |
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Term
| Gondwanaland distribution |
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Definition
| 150 MYA southern hemisphere was all one big continent so ratite ancestors prolly came from large ancestor that lived here |
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Term
| Key ideas to avian evolution |
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Definition
good evidenct that birds diverged from dromaeosaurid theropod
archeaopteryx fossils are 150MYO
ratites must predate split up of gondwanaland
modern bird fossils have not been found prior to the K-T boundry |
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Term
|
Definition
the science of determining the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
The goal is to build phylogenes |
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Term
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Definition
tree showing evolutionary relationships
also it is a hypothesis |
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Term
|
Definition
Darwin in 1837
had the great insigt of common ancestory (Desent with modification) |
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Term
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Definition
| Naming and slassifying organisms (based on phylogenies) |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain all descendents from most recent common ancestor |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
contains some but not all descendents from most recent common ancestor
The class reptilia is a paraphyletic group. |
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Term
| Diversity of life reflects three processes |
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Definition
phyletic evolution
speciation
extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| changes with a single lineage |
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Term
|
Definition
| the spilltin of one lineage into two or more |
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Term
|
Definition
| the termination of a lineage |
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Term
|
Definition
every species has a closer and more distant relatives
closer relatives have more triats in common |
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Term
| Patterns of shared traits |
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Definition
| Behavioral traits morphological traits and genetic traits |
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Term
|
Definition
| choose the tree with the fewest number of trait changes |
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Term
| What traits are used to determine relationships? |
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Definition
Homologous traits(shared due to common ancestory), conservative traits (dont change to fast) and traits that are not too conservative
Ex. skeletal structure, toe arrangements , patterns of grow (MORPHOLOGY) |
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Term
|
Definition
New change in an organism
Shared derived traits build family trees |
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Term
|
Definition
the more primitive state of that organism
Shared derived traits build family trees |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process where unrelated organisms evolve similar traits because they occupy similar types of environments |
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Term
|
Definition
| characters that evolve due to convergent evolution |
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Term
|
Definition
the DNA is taken from two species
heat both strands so they seperate and let them cool to bond with eachother and reheat closer relatives separate at higher tempuratures |
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Term
|
Definition
used to be done with DNA-
DNA hybridization but now it is done with gene sequences |
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Term
| the latest phylogeny tree for birds and its major changes |
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Definition
New world vultures back with hawks
Raptors are broken up
Falcons grouped with parrots
Hawks are with the owls |
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Term
| What processes created diversity |
|
Definition
| speciation creates it and extinction removes it. |
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Term
| The origin of new orgers and famileis |
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Definition
major differences in body plan ecology
impose strong constraints on susequent change
differences reflect a more ancient pattern
lare scale geographical patterns of distribution |
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Term
| The origin of new genera and species |
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Definition
less striking differences
variations of the same theme
reflect a more recent origin |
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Term
| requrements for natural selection |
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Definition
variation in a trait
genetic basis
effect on reproduction or survival |
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Term
|
Definition
| the amount of variation between subspecies or geographically separated populations |
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Term
What is a species
(Biological Species Concept) |
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Definition
| Group of interbreeding population that are isolated from other populations |
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Term
| Isolation provides the Oppertunity for divergence |
|
Definition
| geography, mating preference, reproductive incompatibility |
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Term
|
Definition
| speciation between geographically isolated populations exposed to different environments (NO GENE FLOW) |
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Term
|
Definition
| climatic or geologic events fragments a species range (lake, river, mountain, glacier) |
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Term
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Definition
| a small number of individuals disperse to a new location and establish a new population. |
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Term
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Definition
| glaciers and climate across north america split up the; jays, swifts, buntings and flickers from its ancesteral |
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Term
|
Definition
| follows a founding event which opens up niches and no competition produces ecologically diverse species |
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Term
| Why is allopatric specation most common? |
|
Definition
natural selection can favor adaptations to loval environmental conditions.
gene flow occurs when individuals disperse into another population and breed.
Fene flow opposes divergences between populations |
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Term
|
Definition
| favors smaller clutchs then on the mainland |
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Term
| Sympatric/Ecological speciation |
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Definition
| speciation between populations in the same location |
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Term
| The three requirements for sympatric speciation |
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Definition
ecological variation in the environment
assortative mating linked with this variation
and a strong selection against itermediates (hybrids) |
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|
Term
importace of feathers
(3 things) |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
relocks barbicels and barbules to conyour feathers
apply oil from preen gland to waterproof and prevent feathers from becoming brittle
apply chemicals to defend against fungi, bacteria and parasites |
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Term
| 5 methods of feather cleaning |
|
Definition
preening
powder down (down seperates and oils other feathers up)
dust bathing (parasites)
bathing in water
anting (parasites) |
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Term
|
Definition
| are dead where as young feathers have blood flow |
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Term
|
Definition
1. energy required for feather growth (avoid overlap with breeding & migration)
2. Temporary loss of function (loss of isulation and flight) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. replace worn feathers (greater need in abrasive habitat or magration)
2. Replace downy juvenile feathers with more functional adult plumage
3.some species alternate between showy breeding plumage (alternate) and safer non-breeding plumage (basic) |
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Term
|
Definition
melanins (for strength and camo)
caratenoids
porphyrins |
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Term
|
Definition
White
iridescent and non iridescent blues
UV reflectance |
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Term
|
Definition
blacks, grey, brown, dull yellowm tan
the more melanin the darker the color
Granuels are deposited in barbs, barbules
provide toughness and thermoregulatory benefits. |
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Term
|
Definition
bright red, orange, yellow
ingested in diet
functions as an indicator of male quality because color can be lost with diet deficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
Bright green, brown and magenta
hemoglobin derived,
Iron- Browns and reds
Copper-Geens
Ephemeral- costly to produce and signal of quality |
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Term
|
Definition
result from the interaction of light with the structure of the feather that modifies or separates the light wavelengths.
Irregular spaced air bubbles - white
BLues greens and purples |
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Term
|
Definition
Feeding niches
migration
nest sites
dispersal
predator avoidance |
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|
Term
| The four forces of Flight |
|
Definition
| Lift (UP) Gravity (DOWN) Thrust (forward) Drag (backwards) |
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Term
|
Definition
| an upward force that results from air moving over an airfoil 1. The wing and feathers are both airfoils 2. The top of the airfoil is more curved than the bottom 3. the leading edge must be shorter than the trailing edge |
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Term
|
Definition
Hi
YOUR DOING GREAT KEEP IT UP
SLUGGER
air flowing over and under meet at the trailing edge at the same time air moves faster over the top which leads to lower pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
differences in airspeec and pressure above vs. below wing
Wing pushing air downward creates eequal and opposite upwards force |
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Term
| How do birds increase lift? |
|
Definition
1.Increase speed (highly effective but does not work for take-off or slow flight)
2. Have a larger wing (this deflects more air)
3. Increase angle of attack (the engle vetween the airstream and the straight line connecting a wing's leading and trailing edge) |
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Term
|
Definition
| lift increases to proportional angle up to 15% more then that creates drag |
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Term
|
Definition
a downward force that results from the weight of the bird
(lift must overcome gravity and depends mostly on mass) |
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Term
|
Definition
| thumblike part of upper wing which reduces turbulance |
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Term
|
Definition
| is a forward force in the direction of flight (air is pushed backwards by flapping) |
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Term
Drag
(definition and 2 kinds) |
|
Definition
resists the direction of flight
Induced drag
Profile drag |
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Term
|
Definition
| turbulance around the body and wings disrupts lift and thrust |
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Term
|
Definition
| preassue and friction on the wings and body (this is the main drag at high speeds) |
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Term
|
Definition
comes from thrust which overcomes the slowing effects of each component of drag
the downstroke provides thrust |
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Term
|
Definition
| is the sum of the thrust required to overcome induced drag and profile drag |
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Term
|
Definition
| induced power(overcomes gravity) and profile power (overgomes drag) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Soaring/Gliding
2. Flapping |
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Term
|
Definition
no flapping = no thrust
constant sinking |
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Term
|
Definition
| using thermal uprises to keep from sinking |
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Term
|
Definition
| off ridges (use wind hitting cliff to life) off ocean waves (dynamic soaring used by albatross |
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Term
|
Definition
thrust generated to overcome drag
Flap-Bounding ( wings folded used by small pirds and is benificial at fast speeds looks like a wave)
Flap-Gliding ( wings extended large birds do this and is beneficial at slow speeds, flap to a high point then glid down) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
equals the body mass/wing area
low WL maintains lift while gliding for efficient soaring
high WL requires high speed to get up and maintain lift |
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Term
|
Definition
equals wing length / wing width
-High AR reduces drag by reducing turbulance
-High AR leads to efficient soaring and gliding
-High AR decreases need for flapping flight
-Low AR provide better maneuverability in dense vegetation and rapid take-off |
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Term
|
Definition
Long thing wings
Slotted wings
Pointed wings
Rounded, high camber wings (camper=airfoil curvature) |
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Term
|
Definition
efficient lift generators
requires high speed
agile gliding turns
poor acceleration
Ex. Albatrosses , frigatebirds AS=13.8 |
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Term
|
Definition
"winglets" prevent stalling at low speeds
efficient for soaring flight
better acceleration, thrust
Wx. Vultures and raptors AS= 9.3 |
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Term
|
Definition
wings shed vortices at tips
reduces drag, increases lift
Ex. Shorebirds, ducks, nighthawks, swifts AS=12.6 |
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Term
| Rounded, High-camber wings |
|
Definition
wings move a lot of air, generating high thrust
Good flapping maneuverability
Good in dense vegitation
Ex. Pheasants Many passerines,chickens etc. AS=6.8 |
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Term
|
Definition
seasonal cycle of departure and return
allows for year round activity
no minimum distance : local and altitudinal migrations are common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exploit seasonal food resources
avoid harsh and unpredictable winter weather.
Lower nest predation in northern areas |
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Term
|
Definition
long distance migrants experience high mortality
85% of annual mortality in black-throated blue warblers |
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|
Term
What isnt migration
(2 things) |
|
Definition
| irruptions and nomadic wandering |
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Term
|
Definition
| occur in species that feed on conifer seeds, unpredictable irruption of seeds and location and amount varies year to year |
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Term
|
Definition
unpredictable movement in search of food or territory
EX. Snowy owl |
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Term
| 4 ways to track Migratory birds |
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Definition
Banding
Satellite transmitters
Radar
Feather isotopes |
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Term
|
Definition
Requres capturing an individual multiple times (disadvantage)
useful for tracking hunted species (once they dead hunters just report info)
used to identify important migratory corridors |
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Term
|
Definition
Detailed data on few individuals
can only be used for large species
requires only single capture but it is super expensive |
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Term
|
Definition
highlights massive scale of migration (can includes millions of birds)
experts can only identify to the order or family (no species level data except when paired with sound)
ADV. No capture required |
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|
Term
How do birds navigate?
5 ways |
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Definition
Vision (landmarks and major landscape features)
the sun
the stars
magnetic fields
olfaction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
birds can tell time
compensate for the movement of the sun
have trouble without the help of the sun |
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Term
|
Definition
| Steve Emlen used funnels and blocked out various constellation and discovered that birds use constellations close to the north star (used in migration) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
birds can detect magnetism using two separate systems s
1. Photopigments in eye ( tells direction toward poles or equator)
2. Magnetite in Brain (detects changes in topography)
magnets can mess with pidgeons navigation |
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Term
|
Definition
used for local orientation
nestlings learn the smell of their home
when screened from receiving loval smells pidgeons dont orient well back to nest |
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Term
| Learning migratory routes |
|
Definition
migratory routes may be learned
study moved juvenile and adults to new jersey from washington state
Adults ( compensated and moved towards wintering grounds )
Juveniles (moved in the direction they would have from washignton ) |
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Term
|
Definition
birds live in seasonal environments
temporates areas (tempurature)
Tropical Areas ( rainfall) |
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Term
|
Definition
Breed
Molt
Overwinter all in the same area |
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Term
|
Definition
| breed molt migrate overwinter molt then migrate |
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Term
|
Definition
daily biological clock
-daily cycle of metabolicm, temperature, alertness, behavior
mediated via hormones like melatonin |
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Term
|
Definition
controll bilogical clocks
ganglion cells in retina secrete melatonin
pineal gland and hypothalmus are photosensitive |
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|
Term
| External coincidence model |
|
Definition
when the circadian rhythm responds to external light,
duration of overlap allows birds to measure day length |
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Term
| Zeitgebers in temperate and arctic birds |
|
Definition
photoperiod
increasing light -> increasein in testes size, fat accumuation and spring migration
shortening photperiod -> molt, fat accumulation, fall migration and inhibits gonad growth |
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Term
|
Definition
decreasing reproductive activity in response to long photoperiods
-gonads stop growing at end of summer dispite lots of light. |
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|
Term
| Zeitgebers in tropical birds |
|
Definition
no photorefractory period
very sensitive to photoperiod
rainfall is usually more of a cue |
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|
Term
| hormonal control of annual cycles |
|
Definition
light-> hypothalamus -> pituitary gland -> gonads
pituitary gland releases LH and FSH
FSH and LH act on testes to secrete testosterone and increase sperm production |
|
|
Term
| corticosternone and its affects |
|
Definition
major stress hormone. increases in reponse to predation risk, extreme weather, and hunger.
Inhibits breeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain a constant high body temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain their high body temmp by creating heat bia metabolism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
can maintain high activity levels at all times
at higher temps; nerve impulses travel faster, muscle strength is increased, physical endurance is greater. |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantages of endothermy |
|
Definition
requires a high metabolic rate and is energatically expensive
body temp nears level where proteins begin to denature
also produces large amounts of metabolic waste |
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|
Term
| Scholander's Model of Endothermy |
|
Definition
| when a bird is in the thermoneutral zone its metabolic rate is constant |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a mild controled drop in body temp mainly overnight |
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|
Term
|
Definition
pronounced hypothermia
intense drop in body temp that can last for hours |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways to manage heat stress |
|
Definition
1. Avoidance behaviors
2. hypERthermia
3. Evaporative cooling |
|
|
Term
| Avoidance behaviors for heat stress |
|
Definition
| shade, soaring, bathing and roosting |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| controlled heating, raising body temp to near ambient or above to reduce gradient between the boday and atmospher (Saves Water) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Panting, gular fluttering, repiratory water loss, cutaneous water loss, counter current heat loss |
|
|
Term
Counter-current exchange
(Dealing with Heat) |
|
Definition
hot arterial bloot loses heat in the foot.
increase blood flow to extremeties |
|
|
Term
Counter-current exchange
(Dealing with cold) |
|
Definition
| aterial blood is thunted through capillary network at base of lef, where heat is exhanged to venous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly efficient system with one way air flow and no residual air in system |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1. inspiration 1; air goes into posterior sac
2. expiration 1; air pushed through lungs
3. inspiration 2; air moved into antior air sacs
4 inspiration 2, air exhaled |
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|
Term
|
Definition
delivers ocygen, flugose, fatty acids
removes CO2 and metabolic waste |
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Term
|
Definition
4 chambered like mammals and crocodiles
41% larger than in mammal of same size
ventricles empty more comletly than ni mammals |
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Term
|
Definition
amount of blood pumped per minute
=(heart Rate)X(stroke volume)
increase output by increasing heart rate. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
the relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure
-store gross fat in times when intake does not equal expenditure |
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