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| What percentage of bird species practice parasitism? |
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| 3 articles that talk about parasitism |
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1. On the Origin and Rarity of Interspecific Nest Parasitism in Birds,Tore Slagsvold, American Naturalist.
2. The Evolution of Obligate Interspecific Brood Parasitism inBirds, Magali Robert/Gabriele Sorci, Behaviour Ecology
3. EGG DESTRUCTION AND EGG REMOVAL BY AVIAN BROOD PARASITE: ADAPTIVENESS and Consequences. Brian Peer. THE AUK. |
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| Many species use old or abandon nests |
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| Owls use old crow nests; sparrows use other small nests; starlings, owls, some sparrows use woodpecker holes. |
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| Many species which normally build and incubate their own, will occasionally lay [dump]eggs in conspecific, interspecific, and heterospecific nests. |
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| Some birds are know to aggressively expropriate the nests of other birds-house sparrows of cliff swallows, Starlings of woodpeckers (redheaded, flickers), house wrens of bluebirds and tree swallows. They will remove both the eggs and the young. This has progressed to the Chestnut sparrow of Kenya that no longer builds its own nest. |
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| Intermediate stage- cuckoo genus chrysococcyx adults sometimes feed their own in the host’s nest. |
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| Loss of territorial defense may lead to loss of nest building and therefore parasitism. Many brood parasites are polyganous or promiscus. This tends to weaken pair bonds and parasitism is an easy solution. |
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| Evolution of Brood Parasitism in Altricial Birds |
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| birds arose in genetically controlled tendencies of birds to deposit their eggs in other nests. Originally, this could have occurred as a result od destruction of their own nest or accidental placement of an egg or possibly the lack of synchronization between stages in the reproductive cycle. |
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| Evolution of Brood Parasitism in Altricial Birds was proposed by |
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| Hamilton and Orians (Condor, 1965) |
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| The development of brood parasitism would be favored if its eggs had a _______ incubation and was an _________ layer and if it ate a _____ variety of foods |
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| Species of birds in an obligatory way that have to put their eggs in a host species nest.(Never have a nest of their own). |
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| none excluding the giant cowbird |
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Panama where the GIANT COWBIRD parasitizes nests ofWagler’s Oropendola and Yellow-rumped Cacique.
These are colonial nesters in the icterid group(our Baltimore Oriole is in this group).
90% of the nestlings of these birds die from the infestations of botfly larva ; however when these nests are parasitized by the Giant Cowbird, only 8% of the nestlings die from larva infestations because the Cowbird nestling remove botfly larva from its host nest-mates.
This beneficial effect applied only to colonies not place near bee or wasp nest. Since the bees and the wasps attack botflies, colonies so protected had no need of Cowbird protection. |
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| saved all the energy necessary to raise a family: building a nest, raising young, incubating eggs, care for fledglings. This leaves time and energy to increase egg production, search for nest and this in turn should improve its chances of becoming a brood parasite. |
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| Five families that practice brood parasitism |
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1. ICTERIDAE
2. PLOCEIDAE
3. INDICATORIDAE
4. ANATIDAE
Five. CUCULIDAE |
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| cowbirds (5 species). In North America Brown Headed Cowbird has 250 host species(almost always smaller-warblers, sparrows, vireos, etc). |
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| weaverbirds in Africa(20 species) |
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| Honey Guides- Famous for leading mammals(man or other animals to the nests of bees where man and bird share spoils. Parasitize their relatives Barbets and woodpeckers. The nestling of the GREATER HONEY-GUIDE ejects its foster brother/sisters from the nest, it probably also kills its nest-mates by using its sharp mandibular hooks which are dropped after 2 weeks. |
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| Black-headed duck parasitizes gulls, ibis, coots and other birds of the marsh. Its ducklings are remarkably precocious and leave the nest in 24-36 hours and fend for themselves. It has little, if any, effect on the nesting success of its hosts. Lays its egg randomly. This has been considered by several authors to be “The most perfect of avian parasites.” |
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| European Cuckoo parasitizes over 125 species. Host accepts egg, some reject egg and remove other simply abandoned parasitized nest and begin anew. Egg in some ways is adapted in size and color and markings to match host egg. European Cuckoo hatches in 12.5 days versus 13-14 for host. Therefore, the cuckoo has an enormous advantage over other nestlings. AT about 10 hours old it instinctly manipulates anything that touches it sensitive back to the edge of the nest and eventually over the edge. This instinct terminates in 3-4 days. Other Old World cuckoos parasitize in Africa, Asia and New Zealand. There are limited reports on parasitism by the Yellow and Black-billed Cuckoo in North America. |
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| It is not uncommon for _____ ducks to occasionally drop an egg in another wood duck nest. Also _______ ______ occasionally drop an egg in a wood nest. This happens also among _____-_____ ducks and _______ ducks. |
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Definition
Wood duck
hooded merganser
Red-headed
Canvasback |
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