Term
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Definition
| are dead ecodermal structures consisting mainly of keratin |
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Term
| What structures are unique to birds? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Vaned = contour
2. Down
3. Semiplumes
4. Filoplumes
Five. Bristles
6. Powder Downs |
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Term
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Definition
| contour; flight and shape |
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Term
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Definition
insulation
no rachis no vane, no barbule. Generally under contour feathers. Excellent light weight thermal insulation. Adult birds generally do not have these. Notable exception-the down feathers of waterfowl(eiders) |
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Term
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Definition
insulation and ornament for courtship
loose barbs and barbules that do not interlock. Generally longer than down feathers. Usually under contour feathers.
Seen in breeding plumages |
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Term
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Definition
sensor indicators for flight
very sparse barbs and barbules. Tips often extend past primaries. Sensory
Indicators for movement of contour feathers. (absent in penquins, ostriches, and other large flightless ratites. Def:flightless birds having flat breastbones lacking a keel for attachment of flight muscles: ostriches; cassowaries; emus; moas; rheas; kiwis; elephant birds |
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Term
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Definition
tactile or sensory (protective)
small stiff structure. Very often found around eyes and nostrils(filters) and mouth (rectal).Aerial insect eaters have bristles and semibristles around their mouth. Eyelashes as seen in ostriches, hornbills, cuckoos and nostrils of woodpeckers, jays and crows. At least one exception are the bristles on the knees of the Bristle-thighed curlew |
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Term
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Definition
waterproofing (not really understood)
unique in that it grows continuously and is never molted!!. Patches of this are usually found in breasts, flanks and bellies of egrets, herons, bitterns(we will see this in a video later). Thought to be used as waterproofing for feathers in birds that lack a preen gland(uropygial gland). Some hawks and tinamous of South America have powder down in other areas of their body. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Promote flight.
2. Protect body from UV rays, temperature.
3. Silence for flight in owls.
4. Oily feathers for buoyancy.
5. Courtship, recognition.
6. Facial feathers focus sound to ear area.
7. Sand grouse in Africa soak up moisture. |
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Term
| 4 functions of feathers including color and patterns |
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Definition
1. Protection from wear and environment.
2. Again insulation.
3. Sexual attraction and recognition.
Woodpeckers often have red markings
to distinguish sexes.
4. Concealment and used of disruptive coloration. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Another spectrum in which birds see |
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Definition
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Term
| Plumages can change with the |
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Definition
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Term
| Different genders can have |
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Definition
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Term
| Multiple moltings can result in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| flat, vaned contour feathers |
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Term
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Definition
2. Protect body from mechanical damage, sun’s rays, rain and temperature change.
In particular, insulation. Birds fluff, ruffle, and sleek(keep their feathers in good shape). Smaller birds generally cool faster than large bodies and are known to have more feathers in winter than summer. In one case, it was shown that the Black-capped chickadee had 1704 feathers in the winter and 1190 in t he summer. |
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Term
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Definition
| for flight in owls. The leading edges of exposed primaries #10,9,8 have comblike structure which smoothes the air flow over the wing to promote silent flight as well as small downy feathers on the upper surface of the vaned primaries. Asian fishing owls lack this adaptation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oily feathers give buoyancy to many waterbirds. |
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Term
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Definition
| 5. Many birds feathers have been strickingly modified in form and color for use as courtship ornaments, recognition marks, and social signals |
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Term
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Definition
Sounds made by manakins during courtship, sounds associated with the nuptial
flights of the woodcock and snipe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Facial feathers focus sound to ear openings in the face of an owl. |
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Term
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Definition
Sand grouse in Africa. Male grouse have specially modified feathers
to soak up, which they transport up to 30 kilometers for the young to drink. |
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Term
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Definition
| flat flies(hippoboscid sp), chewing lice(mallophaga), and feather mites. |
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Term
| Pigmented feathers protection |
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Definition
| Pigmented feathers are stronger than non-pigmented feathers. White is non-pigmented. This is why many birds have black on the major flight feathers or primaries. Example: Snow geese, White pelican and Northern gannet. |
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Term
| Sexual attraction and recognition of sex |
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Definition
| . As noted many woodpeckers have red markings on head or throat, or other markings on face. Red-headed woodpecker is one exception in which both sexes look alike. Other birds flash their tails to show the amounts of white present-juncos, pipits, larkspurs, etc. Still others have facial colors which separate the sexes but this can be only seen using UV light which some birds can see. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of disruptive coloration. We have all seen the mottled and striated browns of the snipe. We referenced in class the different colorations of the than non-pigmented feathers. |
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Term
There are ___ primaries on average(range ___-____) most passerine(perching birds) have ___ and non-passerines have ___. Grebes, storks, flamingoes have ___.
Non-flying ratites like cassowaries have __ and ostriches have ____.
There are ___ secondaries on average(range ___ to ____); hummingbirds have ___, some owls have ____ and albatross have _____!!!
Rectrices(___-____) average ____. |
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Definition
10
9-11
9
10
11
3
16
9
6
40
6
19
40
6
16
12 |
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Term
| Number of feathers generally increase with |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of bird has significantly more feathers? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Primary purpose is to replace worn feathers; also a partial molt occurs
just before mating season to give brightly colored courtship plumage even
though new feathers are not needed. See field guide for Scarlet tanager
and goldfinch. |
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Term
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Definition
(neo-tropical migrants have distinct fall(basic)
and breeding(alternate) plumages. I have shown the Bay-Breasted
Warbler as an example. |
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Term
| White-crowned sparrow has an interesting plumage sequence |
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Definition
If the bird is an
an adult it goes from black and white markings on the head to black and white
markings on the head . If it is a first year bird it has a pre-alternate molt where it
goes from brown and tan markings in the crown to its first alternate plumage(black
and white in the crown) breeding or nuptial plumage usually sometime in late March/April |
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Term
| Birds that molt twice a year |
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Definition
Those that live in bushy habitat and some
long distant migrants. EX: Artic Tern-(champion migratory-estimates
range from 22000-27000 miles per year, many of these birds live more
than 20 years) |
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Term
| Birds that molt once a year |
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Definition
| Most sedentary birds that live in open habitats |
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Term
Adult birds commonly molt and renew all(or almost) all of their feathers
_____ a year. Young birds replace feathers at |
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Definition
once
different stages as they mature. |
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Term
| 2 chief functions of feathers are indispensible |
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Definition
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Term
Molting must occur in such a way to give ________ __________ in these areas.
molting, breeding, and migration have great ___________ ____________. Thus the
timing of each is of the essence and so molting has to be scheduled at
appropriate times in the ______ ________ when other energy demands are not
high and ______ is available. |
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Definition
minimum disturbance
energy requirements
annual cycle
food |
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Term
| The trigger for the onset of molt, setting up territory, singing, fattening up for migration |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of energy demands |
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Definition
Adelie penguins fatten up, go on
shore and take 19 days to grow new feathers. They select a predator
free island. They undergo a 50% weight loss in this process. Similarly,
Marconi Rock Hopper penguins experience a 40%+ weight loss. |
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Term
Migrating species replace feathers in _______ periods of time and their
energy intake increases _____-_____%. |
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Definition
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Term
Swifts and swallows molt _____ their
migration |
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Definition
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Term
| Synchronous molts never occur in |
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Definition
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Term
| Synchronous molts occur in |
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Definition
ducks, geese, swans, loons, annhingas, flamingos, pelicans,
grebes, etc. Following their molt ducks exhibit an”eclipsed plumage” |
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Term
| European Kestrel, Hornbill in Africa and Osprey females molt during |
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Definition
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Term
| Kestrel and Hornbill ______ nesters while Osprey has _____ ________ nest. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Some birds acquire their nuptial(breeding plumage by |
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Definition
feather wear
example: robin |
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Term
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Definition
melanin
lipochromes
porphrins |
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Term
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Definition
synthesized in the birds body
blacks, browns, grays, dull yellow, rusts |
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Term
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Definition
derived from
dietary sources. reds, oranges, yellows |
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Term
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Definition
| greens and reds as seen in African turacos |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Organisms can produce color physically |
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Definition
| by submicroscopic structures that fractionate incident light into its component colours (schemochromes); |
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Term
| Organisms can produce color chemically |
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Definition
| by natural pigments (biochromes) that reflect or transmit (or both) portions of the solar spectrum. |
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Term
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Definition
| being of molecular origin, may be expressed independently of structural colour and are not altered by crushing, grinding, or compression |
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Term
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Definition
| are often reinforced by the presence of biochromes and are altered or destroyed by crushing, grinding, or compression. |
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Term
| The physical principles of total reflection, spectral interference, scattering, and, to some extent, polychromatic diffraction, all familiar in reference to inanimate objects, are also |
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Definition
| encountered among tissues of living forms, most commonly in animals. |
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Term
| In plants these physical principles are exemplified only |
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Definition
| by the total reflection of white light by some fungi and bacteria and by the petals of some flowers and barks, and by some spectral interference in certain sea plants. |
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Term
| In structural colors the interference phenomena, |
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Definition
colors change with angle
of view. |
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Term
| Feathers of iridescent peacock are coated with |
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Definition
2-3 layers of horny
keratin(1/60,000 of and inch thick). |
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Term
If we happen to catch a cardinal, blue jay,
or bluebird, and hold the wings to the sunlight, they appear ______; however, if
we tilt the wing, we can see the _____ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| UV light is often used to help _____ certain species of owls. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
red
These pigments degrade overtime and often |
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