Term
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Definition
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Term
| How was reduction of weight accomplished? |
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Definition
| hollow/semi-hollow bones and the fusion or elimination of many bones. Most bones are filled with marrow at hatching and much of this is adsorbed as the bird grows |
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Term
| 4 types of bird that have solid bones |
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Definition
| Penguins, emus, ostriches, and some gulls |
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Term
| Structure of hollow bones |
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Definition
| The bones have their interior combed with a myriad of struts and trusses which add to their overall strength. |
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Term
| PNEUMATIZATION OR OSSIFICATION OF BIRD SKULLS |
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Definition
| Birds when hatched have a single layer of skull. As bird ages a second layer is form and connecting struts bond the two layers together. Examining the skull of a live bird, is one way to determine the age of a bird. One can only say HY or AHY |
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Term
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Definition
| the first 3-5 thoracic vertebrae. Gives strength and support-helps in wing movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| last of thoracic, six lumbar, 2 sacral, and 7 caudal vertabrae. |
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Term
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Definition
| fuses and flattened caudal vertabrae. |
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Term
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Definition
| turbulence caused by air swirling into a vortex as it flows off of the wing; worst near the tips of the wings. Induced drag gets less bad at higher speeds because the fast airflow wipes out the eddies. |
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Term
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Definition
| surface friction of air molecules against feathers; gets worse with increasing airspeed. Thin leading edges reduce profile drag, as do narrow wings. |
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Term
| 3 other ways birds can overcome gravity |
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Definition
1. dynamic soaring
2. Warm air
3. wind deflection |
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Term
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Definition
Differences in wind speeds
over ocean, getting lift by flying
up into increasing wind speeds
and down into decreasing
speeds |
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Term
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Definition
| Rising warm air currents due to solar heating of land defeat gravity. Thermals rise at ~4m/s, whereas gravity causes bird to drop at 1-3 m/s, |
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Term
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Definition
| Wind deflected off of cliffs, boats, mountain ranges for lift, important for birds with high wingloading = mass/wing area. |
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Term
| Wing shapes can either be |
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Definition
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Term
| Wing length can either be |
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Definition
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Term
| Wings can be slotted due to |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| curvature of the wing from front to back |
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Term
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Definition
| mass divided by the area of the wing |
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Term
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Definition
| length of a wing divided by the width |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Low camber
High aspect-ratio (i.e. long and thin) |
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Term
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Definition
High camber
Low aspect-ratio (short/wide)
Slotting |
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Term
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Definition
High camber
Broad
Slotted primaries |
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