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Conference that took place during WWII in Tehran in 1943.
i) Agreements to formation of new international organization.
ii) Germany to be weakened dramatically. |
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The conference that took place in 1943 during the war, after the allies had begun to win.
i) International organization to be formed called United Nations.
ii) Soviets to enter war against Japan
iii) Democratic governments to be set up with free elections in Europe. |
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Conference that took place during WWII in Germany in 1945.
i) Germany to be divided and controlled by France, Britain, Russia and USA.
ii) United Nations finally established. |
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Tactics used by Stalin at the end of WWII between 1946-1947 to gain political control over Eastern Europe.
They were performed in three stages:
1) Establish alliance with target nation.
2) Isolate the communist party by slicing off all others in country.
3) Replace local communists with Russian Moscow-trained communists. |
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The telegram that was sent in February 1946 by George Kennan in Moscow to U.S., summarizing the USSR as such:
1) USSR had traditional international insecurities.
2) Soviet wanted to advance Muscovite Stalinist ideology.
3) Soviet regime was cruel and repressive - and labelled outside world as evil.
4) USSR hostile towards west, but not suicidal.
Telegram used to develop U.S. Policies later on. |
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Speech given by U.K. Prime Minister Churchill in March 1946 that:
1)Labeled all the communist influenced countries of Eastern Europe along with Russia as divided from the rest of the world with an iron curtain.
2) Described a loss of Liberty that was fought for during WWII as a result of USSR's influence in Europe; thus West will take action if required - not policy of appeasement. |
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Speech given to Congress in March 1947 that stated that the US would help support nations under influence of outside pressure.
Significant, because it was a radical change in US policy from traditional isolationists - to being actively involved in E. Europe. Change took place because they were desperate to stop spread of communism in Europe. |
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| Plan put forward by George Marshall in January 1947 that added financial aid to the Truman Doctrine; the US was now intending to send money to any nation under the influence of communism. |
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Term coined by the Soviets in 1947 to describe the Marshall plan as an example of American Imperialism.
Soviets accused US of establishing European empire through financial support - claiming that it ultimately gave US political control. |
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| Trade agreements by Soviets that took place in response to US. Formed COMECON to counter Marshall Plan - it provided aid for economic development to Eastern bloc countries - just as US offered aid through Marshall plan. |
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Stalin's doctrine that outlined that the world was split into two camps against each other:
1) Democratic countries sympathetic to USSR's cause
2) Western dependent countries that were Anti-Soviet |
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| Red Army Occupation of Europe |
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The satellite empire that Soviets created - influence in various Eastern European countries through use of:
i) Salami tactics
ii) COMECON
iii) State police and spy networks
iv) Soviet military power - Warsaw Pact |
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Events that took place in Czechoslovakia as a result of USSR, as Czechoslovakia was the only E. European country leaning towards US instead of USSR's communism.
i) 12 non-Communist members of government forced to resign and Communist government formed after threats of armed intervention.
ii) Called a 'coup' by US, and used as evidence to push through Congress the financing for the Marshall Plan |
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i) Germany divided into four zones, French, UK, USSR, USA.
ii) UK and US wanted to unify Germany but France and USSR afraid of retaliation, and USSR wanted reparations). Failure.
iii) Lack of trust between West and East and disagreements took place.
ii) Berlin blockade took place that threatened war between East and West, resulting in formation of NATO. |
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| Blockade in 1948 that Soviets put in place in Berlin that prevented resources from entering Western side of Berlin. To remedy this, Western allies flew 200'000 planes in to supply Berlin citizens with food, resulting in a failure on the Soviet side. Tension high, and war imminent, so NATO formed to protect Western allies. |
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| Abbreviated as NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was an organization formed by US to protect the Western allies from war against Soviets. US Congress approved military assistance to supply Europe with weapons. US now had major military presence in Europe. |
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| Pact drawn up in 1955 that brought all Eastern European countries into single military command - protecting Eastern Europe from the newly formed NATO. |
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| Cold War Historiography: Orthodox View |
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Generally holds that Soviet Union to blame for causing the Cold War.
Blamed it on aggressive communist expansion due to Soviet suspicion of the West. |
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| Cold War Historiography: Revisionist View |
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| Holds that the United States is responsible for the Cold War, because containment of Communism was essential for Capitalism to flourish. All based on economic open door policy of US in 19th century. |
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| Cold War Historiography: Post-Revisionist View |
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| Holds that neither US or USSR is to blame for outbreak of Cold War; they both overestimated each others strengths and improvised decisions as part of an 'action and reaction' policy. |
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| Cold War Historiography: Post-Cold War Historians |
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| Specifically blames Stalin for outbreak of Cold War; Stalin's policies alongside Soviet totalitarian government caused the West to become hostile and enter an arms race. Without Stalin, Cold War would not have developed. |
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| Causes of Cold War: Balance of Power or Ideology? |
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Not ideological; USA and USSR both expansionist powers, therefore hostility in 1945 was a result of continuation of past policies.
Ideological; Struggle between Capitalism and Communism caused USSR's aggressive communist expansion. |
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| During 1950's, as a result of increased anti-communist feeling in the US (egged on by senator Joseph McCarthy), many Communist sympathizers were put on trial and executed harshly in every level of US society. As a result of "purges" that were taking place, assessment of China's fall to communists was redone - this time blaming the US for not taking action (complete opposite of original assessment). US became more internationally aware of communism - cause of Korean war. |
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| China's fall to Communism |
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| During Chinese civil war, US had given limited support to nationalists in China. Mao Zedong's communist guerrilla forces were able to take over China. White Paper assessment of events concluded that US couldn't have prevented communist take over. |
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War that took place as a result of North Korea's attack on South Korea. US enters war to defend South Korea for two reasons:
1) Seen as an expansion of communism by North Korea, and afraid that communism would continue on into other Asian countries (domino effect)
2) Red Scare suggested that US not taking enough action on communism world wide
3) NSC-68 report that labeled Korean invasion as linked to Moscow's communism. |
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1) Defense budget of US tripled. NATO strengthened. West Germany became armed.
2) Korea divided into two - no hope of unification. Remained under communist rule.
3) China's reputation grew in region and became major power.
4) USSR involvement with US now more intense that US increasing armament and defense budget.
5) South-east Asia now involved in Cold War - and any nationalist movements depended on US and USSR. |
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| Causes of Cuban Missile Crisis |
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1) Batista is overthrown after revolution and Castro takes his place in new regime.
2) Castro nationalizes US economic interests in Cuba.
3) US refuses to provide any aid to Cuba, so Cuba turns to USSR who eagerly offer economic aid.
4) Bay of Pigs invasion takes place; failure for US, strengthening Cuban-USSR relations.
5) Khrushchev puts ballistic missiles in Cuba. |
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| The incident that took place in March 1960, when the CIA-trained Cuban exiles enter Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Castro. The CIA grossly Castro and the support for him in Cuba (they hoped for a Cuban uprising), and over 85% of exiles got captured. Castro's support within Cuba increased as a result |
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| Event that took place in Cuba in 1962, where US spy planes took photographs of the Cuban missiles that Khrushchev provided. Khrushchev wanted to balance power around world; US had Turkey under their control able to fire missiles near USSR - so USSR needed a country close to US to balance - that country was Cuba. Crisis resolved when Khrushchev removed missiles from Cuba in exchange for US not invading Cuba. |
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| The period of thirteen days that took place during the Cuban Missile Crisis during which the threat of Cuban missiles striking the US was imminent. To resolve the issue, the US quarantined Cuba from external aid or influence preventing Soviet missiles from arriving at Cuba. Crisis was resolved when US agreed not to invade Cuba in exchange for removal of Soviet missiles. |
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| Cuban Missile Crisis Historiography: Orthodox View |
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Stresses that the Missile Crisis was a great job by Kennedy - that he kept world peace while at the edge of nuclear war.
i) Kennedy responded firmly to the threat of imbalance of power.
ii) Quarantined Cuba to exert pressure on the Soviet Union.
iii) Kennedy was calm and in control by resisting pressure from the military. |
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| Cuban Missile Crisis Historiography: Revisionist View |
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Blames Kennedy for raising level of Cuban episode to crisis levels.
i) Missiles did not affect nuclear balance between USSR and US
2) Implementation of blockade made situation more dangerous.
3) Kennedy was only interested in personal prestige, as his elections were a week later. |
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