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| first humans to bury their dead around 100,000 years ago. |
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| first to bury variety of items with the dead- tied into afterlife. |
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| belief in supernatural force [mana] that exists in all things. |
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| supernatural force-underlying source of magic that supposedly exists in all things. -pre-animism and magic |
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| belief that a soul or spirit existed in every object even if inannimate |
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| a group of beliefs and customs wherein an intimate relation existed between an individual or a group of individuals and a class of natural objects known as a person or group's totem. |
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| belief that one's ancestors possess supernatural powers |
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| principle that god is everything, and everything is god. This is essentially a more formal version of animism. Modern examples are: Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. |
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| the belief in many gods often with one supreme god. Hinduism is the major modern religion of this type, but historically important religions in this category include the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. |
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| the belief in a single god (but capable of different forms). Other supernatural beings (i.e. angels) are recognized as disciples of the one god, the Judeo-Christian-Muslim linege |
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| oldest of modern religions. |
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| violent religion with abudant sacrifices. recognized over 3,000 gods. |
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| modern hinduism book that interestingly enough describes a great flood. |
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| is sometimes considered a philosophy not a religion (a god is not a central concept in buddhism). |
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| was born around 563 BC. He was brought up as a hindu and lived a priviliged life in a high caste (legend has it he was the son of a king). life changed at age 29 when he saw The Four Sights. |
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| an old crippled man, a sick man, a decaying corpse, and finally a wandering holy man |
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| Buddha teaching; the buddha, the Dharma, and Sangha |
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| buddhist teaching; Duhkha, Samudaya, Nirodha, and Marga |
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| recognizes Abraham and Jesus as prophets. However, Muhammad (7th century) is viewed as the last prophet |
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| is generally considered the founder of this group (monotheism) of religions (≈ 2,000 BC). |
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| is generally regarded as the first person to employ logic and reason in an attempt to explain nature and humanity. These explanations had to be internally consistent. Encouraged students to question everything. |
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| (427-347 B.C.) developed a philosophy that centered on abstract ideas (eidos). |
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| (384-322 B.C.) developed the concept of a “scala naturae.” |
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| were the first cities to make their wealth from trade not agriculture. |
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| (1561-1626) the “father” of deductive reasoning. A powerful advocate for the restructuring of learning. His ideas set the stage for scientific advances and philosophical debates in the next century. believed in studying nature. |
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| Theory>hypothesis>observation>confirmation |
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| observation>pattern>tentative hypothesis>theory |
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| developed in 17th century Britain, maintained that all knowledge comes from experience. Leading advocates: John Locke, David Hume |
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| leading advocates for empiricism |
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| A philosophy directly opposed to empiricism, developed in continental Europe. According to this view foundational ideas are intuitively known – they are innate. Leading advocates: Rene Descartes, Benedict Spinoza |
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| Rene Descartes, Benedict Spinoza |
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| one of the most influential thinkers in the history of Western philosophy. He demonstrated the logical flaws in both Empiricism and Rationalism. He introduced the idea that the mind plays a significant role in structuring reality. His contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics are still influential today. |
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| Thales was the founder of Greek philosophy. His philosophy was based on observation of the world around him. |
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| father of astronomy. also had many interesting ideas regarding biology and evolution of life |
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| Copernicus, Galileo, and Keplar |
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| The first significant advances in science came in the area of astronomy in the 16th and 17th centuries – |
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| promoted a way of thinking that set the tone for true progress in the study of natural philosophy (science). |
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| primary rapid response system of communication. regulates homeostasis. responsible for reception of all stimuli from environment. |
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| (a disease that leads to paralysis due to insufficient numbers of ACh receptors). |
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| type of spastic paralysis (always open) |
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| type of flaccid paralysis (always closed) |
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| acetylcholine; amino acids; biogenic amines; neuropeptides [substance p, cholecystokinin] |
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processes for deciding what to do and for deciding how well it was done
processes for doing what one has decided to do
processes for learning how to do |
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| External world: perception and action |
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adaptation to existing environments
the shaping of existing environments into new ones,
the selection of new environments when old ones prove unsatisfactory |
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| Integration of internal and external worlds through experience |
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the ability to cope with new situations
processes for setting up goals and for planning
the shaping of cognitive processes by external experience |
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| developed the “Shifting Balance Theory of Evolution”– a model describing the “evolutionary landscape” |
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| probability of survival to age x |
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| degree of environmental impact |
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| age at first reproduction |
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| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
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| An imaging technique that can detect high levels of activity based on rate of glucose consumption. |
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| 6-7 mill years ago; Simple hand gestures. Vocalizations of alarm, emotions, etc. |
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| Australopithecine hominids |
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| 4-5 mill yrs ago; Advent of bipedalism: appearance of more sophisticated hand signalling |
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| Homo habilis and Homo erectus |
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| 1-2 mill years ago; Hand gestures become fully syntactical, vocalizations start to become symbolical, stark increase in brain size |
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| 100,000 yrs ago; Homo uses vocal language, zenith of brain development, hand gestures play secondary role |
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| oldest known stone tools. ≈ 2.5 MYBP (attributable to H. habilis cranial capacity ≈ 800cc) |
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| tool making; 1.5 MYBP; unmodified for over 1 mill yrs; requires the ability to visualize a mental image of the desired tool and the skill to work the rock to achieve the desired goal |
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| used to determine extraterrestrial intelligence |
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| Broca's area + Wernicke's area |
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relates to speech. Broca- motor are of speech
Wernicke-cognitive/sensory part of speech |
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| executes the conception plus the motor program to speak the word |
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| relatively immature with little capability of taking care of self- opp is precocial |
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| origin of muscle on body; insertion- what moves |
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| doesn't articulate with any other bone; supports larynx and tongue |
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| ability to attribute mental states- beliefs/intents/desires/pretending/ knowledge etc.- to oneself and understand that others have diff mental states than their own |
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| amount of brain mass exceding that related to an animal's body mass |
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| group of enlightened individuals searching for truth |
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| suffering exists (1/4 noble truths) |
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| there is a cause to suffering (1/4 noble truths) |
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| might be possible to end suffering (1/4 noble truths) |
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| path you follow to stop suffering (1/4 noble truths) |
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| Platonic school of thought |
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| nature is imperfect. need to think abstractly. plato and aristotle. stifled scientific progress but boosted math. |
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| voluntary control; eye movements |
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| visceral functions not voluntary; heart beat |
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| coordinates motor responses |
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| envelop axon and insolate it from electrical impulses so that electrical impulses jump them and hit the nodes faster. |
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| support functions of neurons. body defense, bringing nutrients |
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| neurotransmitter associated with muscles |
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| directly connect sensory input to motor response |
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| centered in thoracic lumbar. fight or flight. puts resources where necessary. some consciousness |
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| in cranio cepral. turns off fight or flight and restores normal bodily functions. |
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| crowbar through frontal lobes- responsible for personality/individuality. |
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| mutually beneficial exchanges only occuring between related individuals |
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| found the origin of relgion in human reason, not in revelation, and willful deceit by the priest as the origin of historical religion |
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| difference between conscious and unconscious thoughts. distinguish conscious from unconscious mental computation, identify its correlates in the brain and explain why it evolved |
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| why it feels like something to have a conscious process going on in one's head. the subjectiveness. how subjective experiences arise from neural computation |
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| ecological dominance-social competition model. as hominin ancestors became increasingly able to handle traditional "hostile forces of nature," selective pressures resulting in competition among species became more important in regards to social comptetencies |
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| index of brain size relative to that of a mammal of same body weight |
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| area most associated with many social-cognitive competencies associated with EDSC model |
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| refers to retrieval of decontextualized facts and information |
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| refers to retrieval of time based, contextualized memories of one's life history. |
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| conscious representation of facts and decontextualized info |
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| conscious, time-based representation of self and personal experiences. experienced as daydreams and fantasies |
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